Welcome to CENFACS’ Online Diary!
22 February 2023
Post No. 288
The Week’s Contents
• Insurance Skills Development Project
• Return of Stole Assets to Support Poor Households
• Nature Projects and Nature-based Solutions to Poverty: Working Plan for the First Series of Activities
… And much more!
Key Messages
• Insurance Skills Development Project
Our work for promoting insurance amongst the poor carries on as we are unveiling the project proposals for approaching the culture of insurance from the perspective of the insured in terms of the skills they need to learn and develop in order to help them reduce insurance poverty. This project was highlighted when we published the 78th Issue of FACS, which focussed on ‘The Promotion of Culture of Insurance amongst the Needy to Reduce Poverty in Africa‘.
Indeed, it is possible to apply the perception of culture to insurance applicants on low or modest incomes with low insurance skills and help them to reduce poverty. It is imaginable to introduce and develop the idea of insurance to become a cultural resource or capital for those in need who may be insurance applicants. It is even highly probable for these people to learn and develop skills, patterns of behaviour, thought and perception to help themselves by deciding by themselves how much insurance to buy for a well-defined risk.
To help them in their insurance skills development, we are putting these current proposals in the form of project; project which explains how they can achieve their insurance aim and goals via skills development.
To find how this project can help them, please read under the Main Development section of this post.
• Return of Stolen Assets to Support Poor Households
Our Month of Sustainable Development keeps on moving with this week’s fourth note which focusses on the Return of Stolen Assets to Support Poor Households.
The 4th note deals with the way in which stolen funds recovered can be managed and disbursed once returned. One of the propositions regarding the disbursement of returned funds, which is part of our Sustainable Development Month, is to use a portion of returned funds to reduce poverty in country or area where the stolen funds originated. This proposition stems from the role of asset return in terms of resources it can provide to reduce poverty and enhance sustainable development. To do that one may be forced to follow some rules or principles governing the returned stolen assets.
There are rules or principles for managing and disposing recovered and returned stolen assets. For example, the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (1) summarised these principles in one of its meetings which focussed on the management and disposal of stolen assets. These rules or principles make up or are contained in the instruments or tools to use to deal with asset return.
• • Asset Return Instruments
Asset return instruments depend on which institution or organisation that create them. For example, if one refers to the United Nations Convention Against Corruption, there are two instruments in relation to asset return which need to be considered here. These instruments are Articles 51 and 57 of Chapter V of the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (2).
Article 51 gives the General Provision of Chapter V and states that
“The return of assets pursuant to this chapter is a fundamental principle of this convention and States Parties shall afford one another the widest measure of cooperation and assistance in this regard” (p. 42)
Article 57 relates to the Return and Disposal of Assets (p. 47).
In addition, there is the action area 25 of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (3) which encourages the international community to develop good practices on asset return.
The above-mentioned instruments show that there are technicalities of return or repatriation of stolen assets. There are as well implications.
• • Asset Return Implications
Asset return implies the following:
σ Identification and freezing or seizing of stolen assets
σ Obtaining of confiscation orders
σ Returning the assets to the requesting parties (i.e. State) in accordance with the Convention
σ Involving domestic legislation or international conventions or treaties if there are any problems
σ Dealing with requested jurisdictions
σ Addressing the concern about the management and disposal of returned funds
Etc.
Bedsides these implications, there are different approaches to disposing recovered and returned stolen assets.
• • Approaches to Asset Return
There are different views or approaches concerning asset return process. Some of these views have been already highlighted in the above-named instruments. In the context of this note, we would like to highlight three approaches as follows: lackadaisical, rights-based and CENFACS approaches.
1) A lackadaisical approach to asset return would argue in favour of keeping stolen assets where they are. Amongst the arguments from this approach is the uncertainty or lack of investment project as to the good use of stolen assets to be returned.
2) A rights-based approach to asset return would instead demand the inclusion of the victims affected by the theft of these assets. This approach thinks that the return of stolen assets should benefit the public from whom assets were stolen and who may have paid a heavy price such as the lack of investment in health, education, housing, transport, etc. because their country’s/area’s assets were stolen.
3) A CENFACS approach to asset return is to use a portion of returned stolen assets to reduce poverty and enhance sustainable development. We understand that the return of stolen assets is a complex operation that can involve multiple jurisdictions. However, once these legal and technical exercises have been completed, it could be good to see that the returned stolen assets to be allocated to projects to reduce poverty, particularly but not exclusively poverty experiencing by low income households.
For example, one way of helping these poor households could be in the form of the distribution of the dividend from these stolen assets through conditional cash transfers like happened in some countries.
Also, one thing is to have an approach, another is to practise it or to work with the community for this approach to materialise.
• • Working with the Community and Africa-based Sister Organisations on Stolen Assets Return
There is a number of ways by which CENFACS can work with the community and Africa-based Sister Organisations on Stolen Assets Return, although CENFACS is not asset recovery and return expert or development practitioner.
• • • Working with the Community on Stolen Assets Return
Together with the community we can impact the Return of Stolen Assets to Support Poor Households by these ways:
√ Explaining stolen assets return policies
√ Informing and directing users to services dealing with the return of stolen assets
√ Helping in data collection regarding stolen assets return
√ Motivating the members of our community to act with integrity, accountability and transparency with regard to public assets
√ Communicating information about stolen assets return
√ Participating in studies (e.g., survey, focus group discussion, etc.) relating to stolen assets return
√ Sharing under the General Data Protection Act non sensitive information about stolen assets return actions and results
Etc.
• • • Working with ASOs on Stolen Assets Return
CENFACS can as well work with ASOs dealing with Return of Stolen Assets to Support their Poor Households by:
√ Supporting stolen assets return initiatives run by ASOs
√ Engaging with the process of returning stolen assets by sharing online platforms to discuss matters relating to stolen assets return
√ Help ASOs dealing with stolen assets return to access technical assistance and capacity building on stolen assets return
√ Providing assistance during the asset repatriation process/phase
√ Sharing stolen assets return instruments to deter, detect, prevent and counter corruption and bribery
√ Supporting responsible return of stolen assets
√ Advocating for a portion of repatriated funds to be allocated to poverty reduction, particularly but not exclusively to poor households
Etc.
To sum up, the diversion of public funds in the form of illicitly-acquired or -obtained assets or any other forms can subtract a lump sum of money from where these assets are taken; money that could have been used to reduce or even end poverty. This diversion can create or exacerbate poverty for those who are poor and amongst them are poor households. Reclaiming and returning these stolen proceeds to the country from which they were taken is a just and economic cause to pursue if these returned funds can contribute to development efforts, including to poverty reduction.
This conclusion ends our notes regarding the theme of Reduction of Illicit Flows and Stolen Assets to Support Poor Households. Saying that the conclusion ends our notes does not mean our work on this theme stops here. Instead, it will continue if one wants to see the end of poverty created or exacerbated by illicit flows and stolen assets.
Furthermore, our work on the Reduction of Illicit Flows and Stolen Assets to Support Poor Households has been conducted with in mind the spirit/respect of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (4), in particular Goal 16 and Target 4 of Goal 16.
For those members of our community who may be interested in matter relating to Return of Stolen Assets to Support their Poor Households, they are free to contact CENFACS.
For those Africa-based Sister Organisations that are willing to collaborate with us on the matter, they can let CENFACS know.
For any other queries or enquiries about Sustainable Development Month and the theme of Reduction of Illicit Flows and Stolen Assets to Support Poor Households, please also contact CENFACS.
• Nature Projects and Nature-based Solutions to Poverty: Working Plan for the First Series of Activities
In our post of 8 February 2023, we announced that in the coming weeks and months, we shall have the progressive implementation of the new generation of Nature Projects and Nature-based Solutions to Poverty in the form of planned themed activities, events, workshops, etc. We also indicated that the themes, days, times and locations (whether online or in-person) of these initiatives will be announced.
This week, we are announcing the first series of activities that will feature the new generation of Nature Projects and Nature-based Solutions to Poverty. The first series of activities, which will be covered in 5 weeks, include the following:
Activity 1: Food, Consumption and Waste
This activity will consist of two elements which are cutting food waste and reduction of over consumption and waste generation
Activity 2: Species Extinction
This activity will be about finding ways of halting human induced extinction of known threatened species.
Activity 3: Genetic Diversity
This activity will focus on the maintenance of genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species.
Activity 4: Nature Value
This activity will deal with the way to value nature’s contributions to people, to our lives, especially to poverty reduction in terms of nature-based solutions to poverty
Activity 5: Benefits Sharing from Genetic Resources
This activity will centre stage ways of fairly and equitably sharing the monetary and non-monetary benefits from the utilisation of genetic resources with indigenous peoples and local communities.
The contents of above-mentioned five activities stem from nature goals of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (5), which was agreed in December 2022. The table No. 1 specifies the type of activities each of them is. The first activity – which is Food, Consumption and Waste – has already kicked off. Let us further explain Activity 1.
• • Nature Projects and Nature-based Solutions to Poverty – In Discussion for Week Beginning 20/02/2023: Food, Consumption and Waste
Two basic items help to introduce Activity 1, which is about Food, Consumption and Waste. These items are aim of Activity 1 and what makes it.
a) Aim of Activity 1
Activity 1 aims at supporting those who are struggling to implement policies to cut down food waste and reduce overconsumption and waste generation so that they can gain information and experience from others to make their own choices to implement these cuts. The activity will help to plan and check their decision making policy on matter of cutting waste.
b) What does Activity 1 Consist of?
Activity 1 is a soft one that consists of sharing experience about measures our project users have taken or are taking in order to cut down food waste and reduce overconsumption and waste generation.
Through the workshop planned for this activity, participants can explain by how much they cut food waste or overconsumption. For example, they say their cuts are about 10% of their budget in food waste or 20% of the quantity for food overconsumption. They can as well share their plan to reduce waste generation at home. Sharing this way can motivate other members of our community who would like to embrace the road of cutting down food waste and reducing overconsumption and waste generation, but they are struggling to do it.
For those who would like to engage with Activity 1 and/or any of the above-mentioned activities, they should not hesitate to contact CENFACS.
For those who would like to find out more about Nature Projects and Nature-based Solutions to Poverty, they can also contact CENFACS.
Extra Messages
• All-year Round Projects Cycle (Triple Value Initiatives Cycle) –
Step/Workshop 1: Project Identification
• Making Zero Hunger Africa Campaign with a Focus on Food Security
• CENFACS’ be.Africa Forum Discusses the New Models of Working Relationships between Insecurity Hotspot Areas of Africa and Humanitarian Mission
• All-year Round Projects Cycle (Triple Value Initiatives Cycle) –
Step/Workshop 1: Project Identification
The planning process for Triple Value Initiatives (or All-year Round Projects), which is under way, includes the different steps of project cycle, which are: Identification, preparation, feasibility study, appraisal, negotiations and agreement, start, implementation, monitoring, reviews, termination, evaluation and impact evaluation.
These steps of All-year Round Projects Cycle (Triple Value Initiatives Cycle) will be completed in 12 weeks under a 12-week workshop programme.
This week, we are starting with Project Identification as the first step or workshop for our project cycle. Let us see what the potential user of All-year Round Projects or Triple Value Initiatives can undertake in this first workshop.
• • Workshop 1: Identifying your Run or Play or Vote Project
In this first step of the cycle, those who would like to undertake a Run or Play or Vote activity need to identify their Run or Play or Vote project. What do we mean by that?
They need to develop a preliminary proposal for the most appropriate course of actions, within specific time and budget frames, to say how they are going to achieve the goal of Running or Playing or Voting.
For example, let us take Running. You could say you want to run 4 miles every Friday of the week in the morning in the local park and you plan to spend some few pounds on water bottle to refresh yourself, etc. You could also specific whether you want to run alone or as a group of people.
This identification will involve the following:
√ Reviewing alternatives approaches or options for addressing any problems with your Running or Playing or Voting activity
√ Defining the objectives of your Run or Play or Vote project/initiative to justify the resources to be committed
√ Identification of any major issues before implementing the Run or Play or Vote project.
The above is a basic starting point for project identification. For those who are not familiar with project identification and would like some support, they should not hesitate to contact CENFACS.
They can contact CENFACS by phoning, texting, e-mailing and completing the contact form on this website. We can together discuss in detail your/their proposals about either your/their Run or Play or Vote projects.
• Making Zero Hunger Africa Campaign with a Focus on Food Security
Last year, the focus of Making Zero Hunger Africa Campaign (MZHAC) was on events or key drivers that could lead to acute food insecurity in Africa, especially in the so-called Africa’s hunger hotspots. This year, our focus is on Food Security since Africa is looking for a sustainable recovery from multiple crises (e.g., the coronavirus pandemic, the cost-of-living crisis, climate change and armed conflicts in some parts of Africa). Before looking at this year’s focus, let us remind our readers the aim of Making Zero Hunger Africa Campaign.
• • Aim of Making Zero Hunger Africa Campaign
The aim of MZHAC is to raise awareness on sustainable food consumption and production in order to end hunger and malnutrition amongst those who are food deprived, particularly in Africa where the number of hungry people and families is still on the rise. It is as well a campaigning response to the challenge of rise in hunger that Africa will face in the foreseeable future. In this respect, the cost-of-living crisis has only made the matter worse as it has put a heavy toll on the consumption poor.
The contents of MZHAC are: End Hunger and Malnutrition Goal, Support Small-Scale Food Producers in Africa, Actions to Support the Food Industry in Africa, Meeting Vulnerable People’s Nutritional Needs, Actions for Sustainable Food Production Systems, etc.
This year, we are focussing on Food Security in the context of Sustainable Recovery.
• • Food Security for a Sustainable Recovery in Africa
To understand food security in the context of sustainable recovery in Africa, one may need to first know what food security means.
• • • Food Security
The explanation of food security comes from the glossary of Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations et al (6) which argue that
“Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that
meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Based on this definition, four food security dimensions can be identified: food availability, economic and physical access to food, food utilization and
stability over time. The concept of food security is evolving to recognize the centrality of agency and sustainability” (p.202)
• • • Food Security for a Sustainable Recovery in Africa
To sustainably recover in Africa, there is a need to explore ways of reducing or ending a high prevalence of food insecurity. In practical terms, it is about bringing down the huge number of food insecure people, especially in countries with hardest hit by the unprecedented food and nutrition crisis such as Burkina Faso, Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, Niger, etc.
According to the World Food Programme and Food and Agriculture Organisations of the United Nations (7), the number of people in acute food insecurity in 2022 (most recent projections) in millions would be in the hotspot countries below as follows:
3.5 in Burkina Faso, 2.2 in Central African Republic, 2.1 in Chad, 25.9 in Democratic Republic of Congo, 2.1 in Madagascar, 1.8 in Mali, and 4.4 in Niger (p. 8).
To achieve food security and make zero hunger Africa, it requires a lot of initiatives. Amongst these initiatives are the reduction of high food prices and the development of fair distribution of food, especially in areas that are difficult to access because of lack of transport facilities and of security. It also demands to value home-grown solutions to provide affordable and easily accessible food products to food insecure.
Make Zero Hunger Africa could further be undertaken by investing in projects that prevent, detect and treat acute child malnutrition while facilitating access to food and making food available, affordable and accessible for the food insecure as well as helping to reduce food poverty.
• CENFACS’ be.Africa Forum Discusses the New Models of Working Relationships between Insecurity Hotspot Areas of Africa and Humanitarian Mission
Following the protests against some of the humanitarian peace keeping missions (like in the East of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, etc.), some human rights experts and analysts are talking about reviewing working practices in these areas of humanitarian need. For example, Pierre Micheletti (8) is calling for reforming the funding for humanitarian aid.
CENFACS’ be.Africa Forum of Ideas and Actions is questioning whether it is simply the funding relating to humanitarian aid which is the problem or the entire model of working relationships between African countries in humanitarian need and those who come to help these countries.
As part of a series of planned discussions within CENFACS’ be.Africa Forum of Ideas and Actions, we are talking about the possibility of new models of working relationships between hotspot crisis African countries and the humanitarian mission. We are asking and trying to answer the following question:
Can the two sides of the disagreement find a model of working relationships that could meet their respective needs, be adapted to the current global reality of the world and be sustainable for both?
Those who may be interested in this question/discussion can join and or contribute by contacting CENFACS’ be.Africa, which is a forum for discussion on matters of poverty reduction and sustainable development in Africa and which acts on behalf of its members in making proposals or ideas for actions for a better Africa.
To communicate with CENFACS regarding this question/discussion, please use our usual contact details on this website.
Message in French (Message en français)
Le Forum d’idées et d’actions pour une meilleure Afrique du CENFACS discute des nouveaux modèles de relations de travail entre les zones d’insécurité en Afrique et la mission humanitaire.
Suite aux manifestations contre certaines missions humanitaires de maintien de la paix (comme dans l’est de la République Démocratique du Congo, au Mali, etc.), certains experts et analystes des droits de l’homme parlent de revoir les pratiques de travail dans ces zones de besoins humanitaires. Par exemple, Pierre Micheletti (8) appelle à réformer le financement de l’aide humanitaire.
Le Forum d’idées et d’actions pour une meilleure Afrique du CENFACS se demande si c’est simplement le financement de l’aide humanitaire qui pose problème ou l’ensemble du modèle de relations de travail entre les pays africains dans le besoin et ceux qui viennent aider ces pays.
Dans le cadre d’une série de discussions prévues au sein du Forum d’idées et d’actions pour une meilleure Afrique du CENFACS , nous parlons de la possibilité de nouveaux modèles de relations de travail entre les pays africains en crise et la mission humanitaire. Nous posons la question suivante et nous essayons d’y répondre :
Les deux parties au désaccord peuvent-elles trouver un modèle de relations de travail qui pourrait répondre à leurs besoins respectifs, être adapté à la réalité mondiale actuelle du monde et être durable pour les deux?
Ceux/celles qui pourraient être intéressé(e)s par cette question/discussion, ils/elles peuvent joindre et/ou contribuer en contactant Le Forum d’idées et d’actions pour une meilleure Afrique du CENFACS, qui est un forum de discussion sur les questions de réduction de la pauvreté et de développement durable en Afrique et qui agit au nom de ses membres en faisant des propositions ou des idées d’actions pour une Afrique meilleure.
Pour communiquer avec le CENFACS au sujet de cette discussion, veuillez utiliser nos coordonnées habituelles sur ce site.
Main Development
• Insurance Skills Development Project
The following items provide the key information about Insurance Skills Development Project (ISDP):
σ Definition of ISDP
σ The Aim of ISDP
σ ISDP Beneficiaries
σ Types of Insurance Skills to be Developed
σ Outcomes
σ ISDP Indicators
σ Project Funding Status
σ Impact Monitoring and Evaluation.
Let us summarise each of these items.
• • Definition of ISDP
ISDP is a basic literacy and numeracy proposal to build and develop skills and capacities in the form of training and education relating to the culture of insurance for the inadequately insured and uninsured poor people and communities in Africa.
• • The Aim of ISDP
This insurance project aims at reducing insurance poverty and hardships due to the lack or inadequacy of insurance policy cover or to the lack of understanding of insurance services and products offered to poor people and communities in Africa. This reduction of insurance poverty will be done through training and education of inadequately insured and or uninsured poor people.
• • ISDP Beneficiaries
They are potential retail insurance consumers who are lacking insurance necessities such as an insurance policy cover, money to buy insurance policy, money to change insurance provider or service, the power to claim their insurance rights, etc.
They are the under insured or uninsured segments of societies in Africa.
They are as well those who are vulnerable to insurance services and products and are looking forward to sustainable solutions to their insurance problems.
• • Types of Insurance Skills to be Developed
Training and education in the field of insurance can enhance beneficiaries’ interpersonal skills. Both training and education can help improve the following:
√ Communication and negotiation skills
√ Problems solving and analytical abilities
√ Relationship skills with insurance services providers
√ Statistical literacy ability to understand basic insurance maths and jargon
Etc.
Training and education can enable to know if insurance is available, accessible and affordable for the insurance poor.
Other basic insurance skills the project will offer include:
√ Literacy and numeracy insurance skills
√ Contract reading, interpreting and understanding skills
√ Ability to handle basic insurance metrics
√ Skills to summarise in concise and simple format complex contents of insurance cover plan
√ Abilities to buy insurance services or products
√ Communication skills to make enquiries, queries, complaints, etc.
√ Language translation skills to translate insurance products/services into your own local language
√ Price comparison skills to compare prices between insurance service providers
√ Skills to know protection against financial losses
√ Briefly, skills to understand insurance cover against financial risks.
Through the delivery of the above-mentioned skills, we hope to identify changes that users will go through.
• • Outcomes
• • • Outcomes in users
By using ISDP, users will
√ Become insurance literate and numerate
√ Integrate insurance as part of their daily life rather than an accident of life
√ Elevate people’s insurance cover against contingencies (such as fire, theft, flooding or any other natural disasters, etc.)
√ Improve their aspiration and motivation to get insurance
√ Ameliorate their confidence, trust and self-esteem regarding insurance products offered to them
√ Increase their insurance communications and insurance capacity skills to understand changes affecting their insurance policy/contract
√ Enhance their insurance skills and knowledge of insurance services
√ Reform relationships between insured and insurance industry
√ Boost people’s perception, competence and capability about insurance
√ Provide financial independence and choice to them instead of solely relying on their families, communities and next of kin for their insurance matter
Etc.
Briefly, users will have a better opportunity to run their insurance and protection matters.
• • • Outcomes in Africa-based Sister Organisations (ASOs)
Work undertaken by ASOs to help reduce insurance poverty should lead to:
√ Adaptation of local needs and the needs of beneficiaries in their insurance development agenda
√ Better local insights and capacities to create insurance solutions for the needy
√ Improvement in the risk management insight for the locals and local needs
√ Assisting in the innovation of insurance solutions for the needy
√ Knowledge of risk transfer mechanisms
√ Closing of insurance or protection gaps between the needy and the wealthy
√ Capturing metrics relating to insurance consumed
√ Increase insurance development within beneficiaries’ community
√ Contribution in the agenda to protect the needy from natural events like flooding, torrential rain, drought, etc.
• • ISDP Indicators
The measures below will help find out whether or not the project will reach its desired objectives and progress towards meeting its defined aims:
√ Number of poor people who embrace the culture of insurance
√ Number of poor people who would like to maintain the newly acquired culture of insurance
√ The percentage of new insured (because of ISDP) in comparison to the total of insured poor people before the implementation of ISDP
√ The rate of penetration of insurance contracts in the poor community and households
√ The number of people who become less vulnerable to poverty as a result of the insurance cover they bought
√ The performance of the confidence index of insurance (which is a barometer or gauge that provides people’s perceptions and expectations of the insurance services, products and industry) within poor communities
√ The number of surveyed poor people who are happy (optimistic) or unhappy (pessimistic) to buy insurance services provided or offered to them
Etc.
To conclude, ISDP is a pioneering initiative that will enable connection of the poor uninsured with insurance. ISDP will help make a real difference to poor people lives and help shape their future in insurance matter.
The skills, knowledge and capacities to be acquired will help the uninsured or inadequately insured to understand insurance services and products offered to them, make informed choices regarding their own insurance coverage and improve risk management insights for themselves.
• • Project Funding Status
So far, this project is unfunded. This means we are open to any credible funding proposals or proposition from potential funders or donors. It is known that the lingering impacts of the coronavirus pandemic have put a toll on everybody. Likewise, the Russia-Ukraine crisis, which has partly led to the current cost-of-living crisis, does not make easy for support to other genuine deserving causes. However, those who would like to support this project will be more than welcome.
To fully or partly fund this project, please contact CENFACS.
• • Impact Monitoring and Evaluation
As part of impact monitoring, there will be routine and systematic gathering of information on all aspects of the project. In other words, we will systematically collect and analyse information to keep regular checks and balances on the project.
Likewise, we shall assess what the project will achieve in relation to the overall objectives it was set up. This is to say that evaluation will be conducted regarding the efforts spent on this project to find out whether or not these efforts are value for relief as far as insurance poverty reduction is concerned.
In proceeding in this manner, we will be able to measure the impact or at least the outcomes from this project.
The full project proposals including budget are available on request.
To support or contribute to this project, please contact CENFACS.
For further details including full project proposals and budget about the Insurance Skills Development Project, please contact CENFACS.
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• References
(1) https://uncaccoalition.org/uncac-coalition-recommendations-to-un-meeting-on-management-and-disposal-of-stolen-assets/ (Accessed in February 2023)
(2) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2004), United Nations Convention Against Corruption, Vienna, Austria at https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/Convention/08-50026_E.pdf (Accessed in February 2023)
(3) United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2015), Financing for Development Office, Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia at https://www.un.org/esa/ffd/up-content/uploads/2015/08/AAAA_Outcome.pdf (Accessed in February 2023)
(4) https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda (Accessed in February 2023)
(5) https://www.cbd.int/article/cop15-cbd-press-release-final-19dec2022 (Accessed in February 2023)
(6) FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (2022), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022: Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable, Rome, FAO (https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639en) (Accessed in August 2022)
(7) WFP and FAO, (2022), Hunger Hotspots, FAO-WFP early warnings on acute food insecurity, October 2022 to January 2023 Outlook, Rome (Accessed in February 2023)
(8) https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2023/02/12/au-mali-la-situation-illustre-les-limites-du-modele-economique-global-de-l-aide-humanitaire-internationale_6161543_3232.html (Consulté en février 2023)
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With many thanks.
