Welcome to CENFACS’ Online Diary!
16 March 2022
Post No. 239
The Week’s Contents
• Gradual Return of Services and Activities in the Phase of Living with COVID-19
• Spring Relief 2022: Rebuilding and Renewing Lives, Infrastructures and Institutions in the Contexts of Rising Prices of Energy and Food
• Climate Action 3 from 16 to 22/03/2022: Cut Methane Emissions
… And much more!
Key Messages
• Gradual Return of Services and Activities in the Phase of Living with COVID-19
We are gradually and prudently returning our services and activities since the COVID-19 restrictions have been lifted in England and the nation has moved to “Living with COVID-19” phase. What does returning our services and activities mean?
It means that CENFACS is open for poverty reduction work for both in-person and online services and activities. The above CENFACS health dashboard gives some ideas about the state of functioning of our projects, programmes and activities. However, this gradual and prudent return will be done by differentiated the two areas of our operation: in the UK and in Africa.
• • Meaning of this return to our operation in the UK
For our operation in the UK, the return means the following:
∝ After a careful risk assessment and evaluation of our services and activities in the light of the current threat levels posed by COVID-19, those services and activities that have been cancelled or partly run can now be in a position to be reinstated;
∝ Services and activities that have been properly curated will be eligible to return;
∝ We have kept hybrid way of working (working from home and away home) depending on services, activities and tasks;
∝ Services and activities that have been totally damaged by the health and economic impacts of the coronavirus pandemic may not resume or will be simply replaced.
• • Meaning of this return to our operation in Africa
For our operation in Africa, the return will depend on the current COVID-19 situation of the country in which the project is located and our Africa-based Sister organisation is working. If the indicators about COVID-19 situation and level threats show that we can fully return our services and activities, we will do it. If not, we shall continue to partly running our services and activities with them until such time we are able to full return.
The return of our services and activities means as well something for our COVID-19 Campaign.
• • Meaning of this return to our COVID-19 Campaign
We are continuing to follow the COVID-19 situation in the UK and in Africa via our shadowing model.
The campaign is still in its Phase 3 of Post-COVID-19 Rehabilitation Strategies for our work in the UK and in Africa.
This phase or stage includes the following sub-stages: recovery, repair, strengthened restoration and functional capacity. We are dealing with the four sub-phases (i.e. recovery, repair, strengthened restoration and functional capacity) at the same time since these sub-phases are interlinked. This concerns our actions relating to the two operations (in the UK and in Africa).
• • • Adapting our Covid-19 Campaign to the current COVID-19 situation
There are talks about B.A.2, which is a sub-variant of Omicron. To keep and win the battle against the coronavirus, its variants and sub-variants; it is advisable to maintain a healthy relationship between hands, faces and space. It is better not to give up the basic healthcare principles and any life-saving advice until the coronavirus threat disappears.
Further details about the COVID-19 Campaign can be found from CENFACS’ COVID-19 Hub for Poverty Reduction.
For any query or enquiry about the gradual return of services and activities, please contact CENFACS.
• Spring Relief 2022: Rebuilding and Renewing Lives, Infrastructures and Institutions in the Contexts of Rising Prices of Energy and Food
Generally, the key theme for Spring at CENFACS is Rebuilding or Renewing Lives, Infrastructures and Institutions. In other words, Spring Relief is the season of rebuilding from what has been destroyed by wars, natural disasters, bad economic management, mistakes of the past, other disasters (like health crisis of Ebola or COVID-19), etc. We need to rebuild in order to reduce poverty, stop its re-appearance and avoid the emergence of new types of poverty and new generations of poor people.
The Winter Season of Light, which is ending this weekend, gives us an opportunity to bring some lights and hopes to those in most need so that they can find the reasons to believe in life again. The Season of Light tackles poverty as a lack of hope and expectations. However, our work does not stop there.
In Spring, we take the challenge of working with those in need to rebuild their lives, infrastructures, buildings, development of relationships, communities, etc. from damages, losses and worse changes experienced or caused.
So, the key words for the Spring Season are rebuilding and renewing. We shall come back on these words at different occasions as we step into Spring and progress towards its end; especially with our advocacy project of Rebuilding Africa.
• • Build Forward Better Together Greener, Cleaner and Safer this Spring Relief 2022
In order to build forward, it is wise to take into account the context of doing it and how to exactly build forward.
• • • Contexts of building forward this Spring 2022
Last Spring, our focus was to rebuild and sustain lives, infrastructures and institutions within the contextual framework of health or sanitary crisis brought by the coronavirus pandemic.
This Spring 2022, we are going to help reduce poverty and build lives within the contexts of rising prices of energy and food. These contexts are the consequences of the Russia-Ukraine conflict as well. A conflict that has led to the soaring prices of oil (Brent crude) and food (e.g. wheat), which have started to impact beyond the European borders to reach Africa.
This is the current contexts of our work. It is the context of rebuilding and sustaining lives, infrastructures and institutions in the world of energy and food crises.
The Russia-Ukraine conflict has led to the jump in the prices of fossil fuels like oil and gas. Using the data from Refinitiv, Alexandra White (1) argues that
“The Brent crude oil, the international benchmark, jumped almost 8 per cent to 132.51 a barrel [on Tuesday 08/03/2022]”
There has been also a surge in gas prices in Europe where many countries depend on Russian gas. According to the online website ‘bloomberg.com’ (2),
“Since 01 January 2022, the percentage change of gas prices has been 144% for the European Union, 142% for the United Kingdom and 37.3% for the United States of America [as of 08 March 2022]”
Assessing the world food situation via its Food Price Index, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (3) argues that
“The FAO Food Price Index [FFPI] averaged 140.7 points in February 2022, up 5.3 points [3.9 percent] from January and as much as 24.1 points [20.7 percent] above its level a year ago”.
The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of the monthly change in international prices of a basket of food commodities.
Rising prices of energy and food can be an impediment in the process of building forward. Given these contexts and impediment, how can we build forward?
• • • How to exactly build forward in the new contexts
We are continuing to Build Forward Better Together Greener, Cleaner and Safer. We are doing it with the green, clean and safe economies in our mind set. Our process of Building Forward Better Together Greener, Cleaner and Safer is now in its second year.
So, the theme for this Spring Relief 2022 is still “Build Forward Better Together Greener, Cleaner and Safer”, but within the contexts of rising energy and food prices. The announcement of Spring Relief’s theme comes with that of projects and programmes making it or the notes composing this theme. We have provided under the Main Development section of this post a selection of projects and programmes which will make this Spring – Spring Relief season.
As we have just announced, it is a selection. Therefore, one should expect the introduction of new activities and the continuation of on-going initiatives like our All-year Round (or Triple Value) projects. That is also to say, there will be additional projects and programmes as we progress throughout this Spring season.
• Climate Action 3 from 16 to 22/03/2022: Cut Methane Emissions
Climate Action 3 is about curbing methane emissions from fossil fuel matters. To take action leading to the cut of methane emissions, we have organised the following notes:
What is methane?, the main concern about methane, theory of change relating to methane emissions reduction, relationship between the reduction of methane emissions and poverty reduction, and how CENFACS can act with the community to cut methane emissions.
Let us look at these notes to Climate Action 3.
• • Key Notes on Climate Action 3
• • • What is methane?
The Oxford Dictionary of Environment and Conservation written by Chris Park (4) states that
“Methane (CH4) is a colourless, non-poisonous, flammable hydrocarbon gas created by anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds. It is the main component of natural gas and can be used as a fuel. The main sources of methane are landfills, coal mines, rice paddy fields, natural gas systems, and livestock (such as cows and sheep). It is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 23”. (p. 278)
Methane is therefore a greenhouse gas that is emitted during energy production and processing of natural gas, coal and crude oil.
What is a stake here is not about defining methane. It is about the concern that methane raises in relation to the climate change.
• • • The main concern about methane
The main problem with methane is its contribution towards the global warming. The United Nations Environment Programme (5) notices that
“Methane has accounted for roughly 30 per cent of global warming since pre-industrial times and is proliferating faster than at any other time since record keeping began in the 1980s”.
This is why action is needed to cut methane emissions. This is also the reason for which methane emissions reduction was one of the outcomes resulting from the COP (Conference of the Parties) 26 United Nations Climate Change Conference held at Glasgow Summit (6) in November 2021.
However, to cut methane emissions there are different views or theories.
• • • Theory of change relating to methane emissions reduction
Without going into the discussion about these different theories, let us simply pick up one of them, which is the theory of change developed by the International Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO). The IMEO’s (7) theory of change is as follows:
“The interaction between [better data, better reporting and better regulation] – allowing them to build on each other – that drives and delivers results [A change required in terms of methane emissions reduction]” (p. VI).
It is a theory of change that aims to create the contextual drivers that will catalyse action.
Having a theory is one thing. Taking action or applying this theory is another thing.
• • • How CENFACS can act with the community and Africa-based Sister Organisations (ASOs) to cut methane emissions
There are two ways in which CENFACS can help cut methane, which are:
a) working with the community in the fight against methane emissions
b) supporting ASOs working with their beneficiaries on the issue of methane emissions reduction.
a) Working with the community
Those members of our community who have problems with methane emissions reduction and would like to work with us on this matter; we can assess their needs, discuss with them their household energy source and budget, inform, guide and signpost them to services that could address their needs of methane emissions reduction.
In this respect, CENFACS can act with its members on the following:
√ Advise its members, particularly those who can afford, to use domestic appliances that reduce methane emissions reduction (e.g. use of all-electric stoves instead of gas ones)
√ Reduce both environmental risk and health risk (e.g. respiratory diseases) through the choice of cooking appliances to be used
√ Suggest and emphasise the ongoing message about of fighting methane emissions via food waste and reduction of meat consumption
√ Choose diet that is net zero greenhouse gas emissions as far as methane is concerned
Besides this specific matter linked to methane emissions reduction, we can as well work with them on the following:
√ Encourage them to use price comparison tool to compare and contrast prices from different energy suppliers and choose the one that suits their interest and need
√ Work with energy poor to help them take control of their energy
√ Direct them to supportive energy hubs
√ Explain them what energy cap and energy rebate mean for their household energy budget
√ How to lessen the impact of energy crisis on their household bills
Etc.
b) Working with and supporting ASOs on matters relating to methane emissions reduction
CENFACS can support those ASOs that work with farmers and agriculturalists so that they can…
√ Feed animals nutritiously
√ Manage manure more effectively
√ Use alternative wetting and drying approaches for staple crops
√ Reduce methane emissions from livestock such as cows and sheep
Etc.
The above points highlight a number of ways we can use to work with the community and ASOs. For those members of our community who are interested in the reduction of methane emissions and or who would like to take climate action with us, they are welcome to contact CENFACS. This welcoming message equally applies to ASOs.
In working together with the community and ASOs on methane emissions reduction, CENFACS will strive for progress in poverty reduction. In other words, we shall explore ways of better reducing methane emissions while addressing the issue of poverty can be linked with methane emissions.
• • • Relationship between the reduction of methane emissions and poverty reduction
Methane is a greenhouse gas. It is known and well documented that people who use faulty domestic appliances that release methane or indoor pollution of air could be exposed to respiratory diseases like asthma, coughing. This raises the issue of health and indoor environment poverty.
So, cutting methane emissions from these households can help reduce health poverty or indoor environment poverty linked to the polluting air and energy generated by gas stoves or any other domestic appliances that may be faulty. In this respect, there could be link between methane emissions reduction and poverty reduction.
This relationship between the two variables (methane emissions and poverty) concludes our notes on this Climate Action 3.
For any other queries and enquiries about CENFACS‘ Climate Action Month, the theme of ‘Smooth the Way to Energy Transition’ and the sub-theme of Cut Methane Emissions; please do not hesitate to contact CENFACS.
Extra Messages
• End-of-season Reminder!!!
Coronavirus-affected Children of Sub-Saharan Africa Desperately Need Your Help Right NOW
Our Season of Light through the Gifts of Light has not yet finished. We still have almost 4 days to go until the end of the season.
We are making another plea to those who have not yet managed to support to keep in their mind the Coronavirus-affected Children of Sub-Saharan Africa who Desperately Need Your Help Right NOW.
Although the deadline for this appeal is 20 March 2022, we will still accept any donations made after this deadline as the needs of the Coronavirus-affected Children of Sub-Saharan Africa are still pressing and urgent.
Please do not wait for the expiration of the deadline as the needs have not disappeared.
You can halve poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa.
You can halve health poverty for and with children at risk of loosing their life because of COVID-19.
For further details about this appeal/Gift of Light and or to support, go to http://cenfacs.org.uk/supporting-us/
We look forward to your support. Thank you!
• Climate Action Budget for Household/Family
An ordinary household or family can work out how much of their earning can be allocated to spending for climate action. The given household or family can plan for a certain period how much to spend in order to reduce for example its greenhouse gas emissions.
In their climate action spending budget, the household or family can plan the amount they need in order to achieve the following climate objectives:
√ To encourage lower indoor greenhouse emissions
√ To adopt green, safe and clean energy (for cooking and heating)
√ To utilise efficient electric appliances
√ To compare and contrast fossil fuels to sustainable energy in terms of saving and health
Etc.
For effectiveness, all these small objectives will be summarised in a climate action budget.
So, to enrich our Climate Action Days, we will be working on the items of household/family budget relating to climate and where actions can be taken at the level of household/family in order to reduce climate issues (such as indoor air pollution).
For those who would like to work with CENFACS on their household budget in order to take action in favour of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, they are more than welcome to contact CENFACS.
• Be.Africa Forum’s Discussion on the Impact of Russia-Ukraine Conflict on Poverty Reduction Goals
Last week, we started the discussion on the Impact of Russia-Ukraine Conflict on Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Development in Africa. Since parts of Africa where our operation is based have started to feel the impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, we are now narrowing our discussion at the level of impact they are subjected to. We have narrowed it to the seven poverty reduction goals making CENFACS’ 2020s Development Agenda and Poverty Reduction Programme.
These seven poverty reduction goals include:
1. Reduce income poverty and poverty (or weaknesses) in earning capacity
2. Consume sustainably to reduce poverty and climate change
3. Tackle energy poverty
4. Support in-working poor people
5. Eliminate (inter/intra)generational poverty amongst women and children
6. Empower the digital and ICT (information and communication technology) poor people and communities
7. Help reduce climate-induced poverty or situational (or transitory) poverty amongst the victims of natural disasters and of destructive wars (like the Russia-Ukraine war).
Specifically, we are exploring how for example the rise in the prices of energy and food led by the Russia-Ukraine conflict is impacting or could impact the realisation of the above mentioned poverty reduction goals in Africa in the short, medium and long term.
CENFACS’ Be.Africa Forum would like to hear from you about how this conflict is impacting or will impact the realisation of these goals or efforts to reduce poverty and enhance sustainable development in Africa.
You can tell the forum what you think about the far-reaching repercussions of this conflict on the realisation of poverty reduction goals in Africa.
To tell what you think or know, please contact CENFACS on this site. Thank you!
Discussion du Forum “Une Afrique Meilleure” sur l’impact du conflit russo-ukrainien sur la réalisation des objectifs de réduction de la pauvreté en Afrique
La semaine dernière, nous avons entamé la discussion sur l’impact du conflit russo-ukrainien sur la réduction de la pauvreté et le développement durable en Afrique.
Puisque certaines parties de l’Afrique où notre opération est basée ont commencé à ressentir l’impact du conflit russo-ukrainien, nous avons maintenant restreint notre cadre de discussion au niveau de l’impact sur la réalisation des sept objectifs de réduction de la pauvreté qui font l’agenda de développement et le programme de réduction de la pauvreté du CENFACS pour les années 2020.
Ces sept objectifs de réduction de la pauvreté sont les suivants :
1. Réduire la pauvreté monétaire et la pauvreté (ou les faiblesses) liées à l’incapacité de gagner un revenu
2. Consommer de manière durable pour réduire la pauvreté et le changement climatique
3. Lutter contre la précarité énergétique
4. Soutenir les travailleurs pauvres
5. Éliminer la pauvreté (inter/intra)générationnelle chez les femmes et les enfants
6. Autonomiser les personnes et les communautés pauvres en matière de numérique et de TIC (technologies de l’information et de la communication)
7. Aider à réduire la pauvreté induite par le climat ou la pauvreté situationnelle (ou transitoire) parmi les victimes de catastrophes naturelles et de guerres destructrices (comme la guerre entre la Russie et l’Ukraine).
Plus précisément, nous explorons comment, par exemple, la hausse des prix de l’énergie et des denrées alimentaires provoquée par le conflit russo-ukrainien a un impact ou pourrait avoir un impact sur la réalisation des objectifs de réduction de la pauvreté mentionnés ci-dessus en Afrique à court, moyen et long terme.
Le Forum “Une Afrique Meilleure” du CENFACS aimerait vous entendre sur la manière dont ce conflit est en train d’impacter ou peut impacter la réalisation de ces objectifs ou efforts visant à réduire la pauvreté et à renforcer le développement durable en Afrique.
Vous pouvez dire au forum ce que vous pensez des répercussions profondes de ce conflit sur la réalisation des objectifs de réduction de la pauvreté en Afrique.
Pour communiquer et partager ce que vous pensez ou savez à propos de cet impact, veuillez contacter le CENFACS sur ce site. Merci!
Main Development
• Spring Relief 2022: Rebuilding and Renewing Lives, Infrastructures and Institutions in the Contexts of Rising Prices of Energy and Food
To cover the contents of Spring Relief 2022, we have planned the following two items: What is in focus for Spring Relief 2022?, and Preview of Projects and Programmes for Spring Relief 2022.
• • What is in focus for Spring Relief 2022?
The focus is on Build Forward Better Together Greener, Cleaner and Safer.
Indeed, the coronavirus pandemic will remain in the living memory a sanitation crisis that has reverberated with sanitation poverty. If we are going to build forward together; we need to build a greener, cleaner and safer world so that future generations will not have the fulfilment of their needs compromises. In other words, we need to adopt green, clean and safe pathways for poverty reduction and low carbon emissions development.
However, we cannot ignore the contexts in which we need to build forward. The current context is of soaring energy and food prices. These rises have been exacerbated by the current Russia-Ukraine conflict which has started to impact on efforts made so far to reduce poverty in some parts of Africa. It is in these contexts of rising of the prices of energy and food that we will try to build forward during this Spring 2022.
So, during this Spring Relief 2022 CENFACS is going to work with the community in the UK and organisations in Africa to continue the work of building forward better together from the collateral damages left by the coronavirus disaster and some of the inappropriate lockdown measures. We have said inappropriate lockdown measures, because not all these measures have equally or symmetrically treated or affected everybody. No matter the good intention they had in order to control the coronavirus spread and protect the public health. There have been uneven distributional effects as a result of COVID-19 lockdowns for example.
Building forward better, which started last Spring and is now in its Year 2, is also about correcting the asymmetrical legacies of these measures since many of our community members have been unevenly hurt during this crisis compared to other economic crises such as the global recession of 2008/9.
In order to build forward better, one needs a programme or a strategy or a post-COVID-19 build forward better strategy. This is why we developed a Build Forward Better Together programme to last for two years. To deliver this programme, one needs as well a set of projects and activities during the programme’s lifespan.
• • Preview of Projects and Programmes for Spring Relief 2022
CENFACS is pleased to present its New Season’s (Spring) collection of selected projects and programmes with a choice of relief and climate smart services. For each of these projects and programmes, you will find climate resilient development ambition as well as user-friendly and –centred relief. They are designed with the scents of inclusivity, safety and sustainability.
These are the projects and programmes to rebuild lives, infrastructures and institutions as we move forward better together greener, cleaner and safer. They are free but we do not mind donations. The more you donate, the more we can relieve.
Please find below the selection of Spring Relief 2022 Projects and Programmes.
• • • April: Protection Month
There will be two initiatives to deliver and sustain protection in April 2022:
Energy Protection and Security for Women and Children, and Protection against Food Price Rises and Scarcity.
a) Women and Children Projects (3W & PPS Reflection Day):
Reflection on Energy Protection and Security for Women and Children (Protection project)
On our Reflection Day, we will reflect on the crisis and risk linked to natural/environmental resource like natural energy sources (particularly non-renewable resources such as oil, natural gas, coal, etc.).
Since these resources can be weaponised like the Russia-Ukraine conflict has so far shown, our Reflection Day will try to look at ways of protecting and securing women and children from the lack of access to sustainable energy.
Additionally, we shall reflect on the effects of energy and food prices on our network and system of protection in the process of building forward better together greener, cleaner and safer.
b) Protection against food price rises and scarcity (Protection and Food project)
Food getting dearer and scarce could mean the increase or exacerbation of food poverty. Because of that, there is a need to protect food poor and those who are likely to experience food poverty from current and near-future rise in the price of food.
• • • May: Stories Telling Month
The plan for May 2022 is made two main features:
Stories Telling and Sharing project, and the continuation of our Rebuilding Africa project/campaign.
a) All in Development Stories (Volunteer’s Stories Telling & Sharing project)
Tell your Story of Building Forward Better from the COVID-19 Disaster – Tell it!
Entries for Stories on Poverty Relief and Development for May 2022 (May Stories) are now open. To tell and share your story of change for change to CENFACS, please contact CENFACS for story telling terms and conditions.
This year’s All in Development Stories will be about how people and communities are trying or have tried to build forward better from the coronavirus disaster and its variants.
This year’s stories are those of:
∝ restoration to original or near conditions
∝ recovery forward better cleaner, greener and safer
∝ transformation to cope with the new realities and post-coronavirus economy
∝ aligning poverty reduction work with long-term CO2 emissions reduction goals.
They are the tales of physical, social, environmental and economic building forward better.
b) Rebuilding Africa: Build Forward Better with Communities and Africa-based Organisations (Advocacy programme)
There will two areas in our advocacy to rebuild Africa, which are as follows.
b.1) Building Forward Better Together with Communities and Africa-based Sister Organisations (ASOs) will be based on wellbeing economy, inclusiveness and safety to manage the process of coming out the coronavirus pandemic. It is about advocating to manage transition.
b.2) Building Forward Better Together with Communities and ASOs will be about navigating their ways to improve in those areas where COVID-19 has brought a new window of opportunities and scope to learn and develop. It is an advocacy work to go beyond transition and plan future.
• • • June: Creation & Innovation Month
Creation and innovation are needed to manage the transition from the 3 pandemic years (March 2019 to March 2022) to the post-pandemic era. Likewise, to build forward better, creation and innovation should be the response.
This June, we shall deal with creations and innovations that help that transition as well as those that help manage the post-transition period.
a) Creations and Innovations to manage the pandemic and post-pandemic transition (Creation and Innovation project)
Forming from nothing ideas or introducing changes to manage transition from COVID-19 and move forward together will be the main activity during the month of June 2022. These creative ideas and innovative ways of working will enable to find the means to meet the level of ambition we have for the kind of sustainable development and future we want.
Using our skills, knowledge and talents to find techniques, technologies and new methods to deal with the currently pressing and immediate needs of post-pandemic period may not be enough unless we create and innovate to prevent or at least to mitigate future crisis. It means there could be another need to bring into existence ideas and introduce changes and new methods to address the future crisis if they happen when they happen.
b) Creations and Innovations to deal with energy and food price increases (Creation and Innovation project)
The current rises in energy and food prices mean that one needs to find some creative and innovative ways of dealing with these prices if one wants to avoid energy and food poverty. It also means one may work out to develop an alternative in terms of ideas, skills and new knowledge to meet the energy and food needs of those who are unable to meet them by themselves.
The above summarises the programmes, projects and activities we have planned to deliver this coming Spring. To request further information about Spring Relief 2022 Projects and Programmes, please contact CENFACS.
Note:
The above initiatives are only a selection of what we have planned for Spring Relief season 2022. We may introduce new initiatives and or upgrade the existing ones depending on the circumstances as we have from time to time to respond to emergencies and urgent humanitarian issues like we did with the sanitary crisis, COVID-19, and we may do it with the current Russia-Ukraine crisis. In which case, we shall let you know.
Also, in every work we do to try to help reduce poverty, there is always a cost to bear. If you could help alleviate some of our costs, we would more acknowledge your support than just appreciate your gesture.
_________
• References
(1) White, A. (2022), Oil prices surge ahead of US announcement on Russian oil ban at https://www.ft.com/content/a29d2d7d-fb07-4976-bc/76-45100df-07bb#post-8616d6ce-b8fc-43c5-87f0308b6409 (accessed in March 2022)
(2) https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-08 (accessed in March 2022)
(3) https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/ (accessed in March 2022)
(4) Park, C. (2011), Oxford Dictionary of Environment and Conservation, Oxford University Press, New York
(5) https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/methane-emissions-are-driving-climate-change-heres-how-reduce-them# (accessed in March 2022)
(6) https://ukcop26.org (accessed in March 2022)
(7) United Nations Environment Programme (2021), An Eye on Methane: International Methane Emissions Observatory 2021. Nairobi
_________
Help CENFACS keep the Poverty Relief work going this year.
We do our work on a very small budget and on a voluntary basis. Making a donation will show us you value our work and support CENFACS’ work, which is currently offered as a free service.
One could consider a recurring donation to CENFACS in the future or as a New Year resolution.
Donate to support CENFACS!
FOR ONLY £1, YOU CAN SUPPORT CENFACS AND CENFACS’ PROJECTS, JUST GO TO :Support Causes – (cenfacs.org.uk)
Thank you for visiting CENFACS website and reading this post.
Thank you as well to those who made or make comments about our weekly posts.
We look forward to receiving your regular visits and continuing support throughout 2022 and beyond.
With many thanks.
