Welcome to CENFACS’ Online Diary!
29 October 2025
Post No. 428
The Week’s Contents
• Autumn Matching Organisation-Investor via Sustainable Educational System (SES) Project
• Support Alternative Funding Sources Software Project!
• Project for Directory of Social and Solidarity Economy Organisations in Africa
… And much more!
Key Messages
• Autumn Matching Organisation-Investor via Sustainable Educational System (SES) Project
This is a new initiative from our Matching Organisation-Investor Programme, which is part of CENFACS’ Guidance Programme to not-for-profit impact investors. The new matching initiative consists of matching an African charitable organisation’s project to set up a SES project and a prospective investor who may be interested in impact investing in education in Africa. The matching process will be run for five weeks, starting from the 29th of October 2025.
To better understand this matching initiative, let us briefly explain it, the project underpinning it as well as the aims of the matching initiative and of the underpinning project.
• • What Is Matching Organisation-Investor via Sustainable Educational System (SES) Project?
It is a set of five correlated activities designed to arrange the match/fit test between an Africa-based Sister Charitable Organisation planning to set up a SES project and a prospective not-for-profit impact investor willing to invest in this project. This project of CENFACS’ Matching Programme will enable the former to find a suitable investor, and the latter to gain an investee in which they can impact invest in.
• • The Project Being the Basis for the Matching Organisation-Investor via Sustainable Educational System: SES Project
The project being the basis for negotiation between Africa-based Sister Charitable Organisation (ASCO) and Impact Investor is Sustainable Education System (SES) Project, which is also known as Education for Sustainable Development. The project will connect ASCO as an investee and an Not-for-profit (n-f-p) impact investor.
Indeed, on 1 October 2025 the African Union Commission (1) launched the African Union Decade of Accelerated Action for the Transformation of Education and Skills Development in Africa (2025 – 2034). As way of supporting the educationally needed in Africa and of taking forward the African Union’s dedication, ASCO would like to address the challenges of limited access to schools, poor learning resources and infrastructures, teacher shortages and training gaps, the digital divide, and financial and social barriers in Africa’s educational systems.
ASCO wants to address these challenges by leveraging technology for learning with e-learning platforms, mobile education apps, and digital libraries, which can provide access to quality education. ASCO is also planning to include affordable internet and solar-powered digital classrooms to help bridge the gap in areas with limited electricity or no electricity at all in Africa.
To realise its ambitious idea of sustainable educational system in Africa, ASCO is looking for an educational investor. ASCO is inviting educational investors to bid for its idea, investors who can make a difference not to receive something financially in return really. Not-for-profit impact investors will be part of the overall SES Project. ASCO prefers a transformational funder who will focus on long-term results rather than short term transactional funders. ASCO wants a funder who will connect with and help prepare the project to function according to the aspirations and needs of the educationally deprived in Africa.
• • The Aim of Matching Organisation-Investor via Sustainable Education System (SES) Project (MOIvSESP)
The main aim of MOIvSESP is to facilitate a mutually beneficial relationship, where the organisation (investee) gains access to capital, expertise, and resources, and the investor earns a potentially high-return not-for-profit investment opportunities through sustainable education system. This connection can lead to the organisation’s growth, innovation, and long-term success, while allowing the investor (who generally is a not-for-profit one in accordance to CENFACS‘ matching model and rules) to achieve their goals (which are other things than financial gains).
Besides this main aim, there is also the specific aim of the SES Project, that is the project that will connect investee and investor.
• • The Aim of Sustainable Education System (SES) Project (SESP)
The aim of SESP is to reduce education poverty (that is, the a situation where individuals, particularly children, are unable to access or benefit from quality education due to various barriers, primarily stemming from poverty). This education poverty reduction can be achieved through the setting up of a sustainable educational system. In other words, SESP aims to equip the educationally needy in Africa with the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes to create a more sustainable future. SESP is interdisciplinary and addresses the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainability, encouraging critical thinking and responsible decision-making to ensure a better future for these educationally disadvantaged in Africa.
Through this SESP, it is hoped that ASCO will meet its dream not-for-profit (n-f-p) impact investor. It is as well expected that the n-f-p impact investor will find the right organisation to invest in for impact. Where the two parties experience difficulties in matching their project proposals or respective dreams, CENFACS will organise the match test for them.
More details about this Matching Organisation-Investor via Sustainable Educational System (SES) Project can be found under the Main Development section of this post.
• Support Alternative Funding Sources Software Project!
To support Alternative Funding Sources Software Project (AFSSP) one may want to know what this project is about, its aim and how it works.
• • What Is AFSSP?
AFSSP, which is one of CENFACS Autumn 2025 Starting XI Poverty Reduction Projects, is software application or platform that will help organisations or individuals secure non-traditional funding, outside of standard funding from major investors. The idea is to develop a software that provides information for African Charities looking for alternative funding sources.
The project will outline the main alternative funding options for African Charities and NGOs. It will also include information on private-charity partnerships, social enterprising as an alternative funding, social impact investing, locally-driven solutions to international aid cuts, etc. Like any project, AFSSP has an aim.
• • What Is the Aim of AFSSP?
The main aim of this project is to reduce poverty due to the lack of targeted information for African Charities looking for alternative funding sources to realise or keep momentum of their mission. The project will provide various methods of funding, such as crowdfunding, peer-to-peer lending, revenue-based financing, by connecting those who are looking for funding (like grant seekers, beneficiaries, founders, borrowers, investees, etc.) and those who can provide funding (such as grant makers, funders, donors, lenders, investors, etc.)
• • How AFSSP Will Work and Help
The software functionality will help
σ Connect users as the software will act as a platform to connect African Charities needing capital with a network of funders or investors
σ Support various funding methods or models like
crowdfunding (a platform where a large number of people contribute to a small amounts of money to a project), peer-to-peer lending (a system that allows individuals to borrow and lend money directly to one another), revenue-based financing (a model where an organisation receives capital in exchange for a percentage of future revenue), etc.
σ Early-stage project planning and development: The software is intended to be used during the early planning and development of project, not just as a last resort result when traditional funding fails
σ Facilitate non-traditional finance: By leveraging technology, the software can make alternative financing more accessible and efficient for start-ups and small organisations that may not qualify for traditional funding.
• • AFSSP Funding Needs
The estimated average cost of AFSSP is projected to the region of £45,000. This cost takes into account the target funding sources, feature set, solutions to funding information gaps, etc. The cost also includes User Interface/User Experience design, backend development, third-party integrations, Quality Assurance testing, development and ongoing support.
To support or contribute to AFSSP, please contact CENFACS.
For further details including the implementation plan of the AFSSP, please contact CENFACS.
• Project for Directory of Social and Solidarity Economy Organisations in Africa (DSSEOA)
Since there is no specific list of SSE (Social and Solidarity Economy) organisations in Africa and Africa’s SSEE (Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystem) is new, it makes sense to create a directory that will provide information and some basic features and facts about these organisations. The items below help in understanding this directory or DSSEOA.
• • What Does DSSEOA Consist of?
DSSEOA consists of conducting research to develop methodologies to capture and increase the statistical visibility of SSE (Social and Solidarity Economy) organisations in Africa. It is about creating an accessible database to map out, promote, and support these entities.
DSSEOA will provide information on groups prioritizing social or environmental goals over profit maximisation. It will help users find and support SSE entities by making information on their location, products, services, and mission publicly accessible.
• • What Is the Aim and Goal of DSSEOA?
The project aims to reduce poverty through better consumer choice as well as bridge the gap in publicly available information about SSEE organisations and services for CENFACS‘ Africa-based Sister Organisations and other users in Africa.
The goal is to help people and Africa-based Sister Organisations recognise and connect with SSE initiatives, such as co-ops, non-profits, and community groups, by collecting data, creating a digital map, and sharing inspiring stories and case studies.
• • What Are the Purpose and Functions of DSSEOA?
The purpose and functions of DSSEOA will be to
σ Connect users with SSE organisations in Africa
σ Promote these SSE entities
σ Encourage support and investment in SSE organisations dealing with poverty, social and environmental issues.
• • What Are DSSEOA Objectives?
Key objectives of DSSEOA include:
σ Mapping and visibility: Create a digital map to identify and showcase existing SSE organisations, projects and informal groups in Africa
σ Awareness and recognition: Raise public awareness of the SSE sectors and highlight their contribution to the poverty reduction and the community well-being
σ Identifying gaps and opportunities: Analyse the data to see what is missing in the current SSE landscape and identify opportunities for new initiatives
σ Showcasing impact: Bring the directory to life by featuring stories, videos and case studies that illustrate the social, environmental, and economic impact of these organisations.
• • Format of DSSEOA
DSSEOA, which will be available both online and paper formats, will also outline SSE cooperatives, associations, and social enterprises.
The paper format of DSSEOA will be a book listing SSE organisations alphabetically and thematically with details such as names, addresses, phone numbers and websites.
The online version of DSSEOA will be the listings providing information about SSE organisations such as the name, address, contact information, associations, and the services and products offered. SSE organisations will be categorised by location, activity, or size. The directory will be updated regularly with new information and new entrants to the directory.
• • DSSEOA Funding Requirements
The cost of this directory project depends on the usage of platform, the level of customisation, the average age of funding organisations, the directory’s scope and audience. The estimated cost to create DSSEOA is around £5,000+ annually, including both online and paper directory.
For the online directory, this cost can involve those linked to platform expenses, marketing, additional or advanced features (like SSL certificate, domain name, and custom development), scope of work, pricing models, document digitalisation service, directory website hosting, etc.
For the paper directory, the cost will include design, print, artwork, the number of copies, distribution costs, labour, marketing, etc.
To support or contribute to the cost of creating DSSEOA, please contact CENFACS.
For further details including the implementation plan of the Project for DSSEOA, please contact CENFACS.
Extra Messages
• “A la une” (Autumn Leaves of Action for the Upkeep of the Nature in Existence) Campaign and Themed Activities – In Focus for Week Beginning 27/10/2025: Preserving Blommersia dupreezi
• Information, Guidance and Signposts on Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) Services and Entities
• Review of the Campaign to End Poverty Induced by High Costs of Living
• “A la une” (Autumn Leaves of Action for the Upkeep of the Nature in Existence) Campaign and Themed Activities – In Focus for Week Beginning 27/10/2025: Preserving Blommersia dupreezi
To help Preserving Blommersia dupreezi, we have composed our note around the following headings:
σ What is Preserving Blommersia dupreezi?
σ The conservation status of Blommersia dupreezi
σ What can be done to Preserve Blommersia dupreezi.
In addition, we shall provide the themed activity we have planned for this week. This themed activity is about working with a local group to raise awareness about amphibian conservation and encourage community action.
Let us look at each of the headings of this note.
• • What Is Blommersia dupreezi?
On the website ‘getaway.co.za’ (2), it is stated that Blommersia dupreezi is a newly discovered species of frog from southern Madagascar named in honour of Professor Louis du Preez of North West University. The species belongs to the Mantellidae family, which occurs only in Madagascar and the Comoros Islands.
• • The Conservation Status of Blommersia dupreezi
Blommersia dupreezi is critically endangered, Blommersia dupreezi, as indicated by its classification on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List. There is a need to preserve this and other critically endangered frog species.
• • What Can Be Done to Preserve Blommersia dupreezi
To Preserve the critically endangered Blommersia dupreezi, several actions can be taken such as the following:
σ Educate the public: Raise awareness about the importance of frogs and their role in ecosystem
σ Support conservation efforts: Volunteer in research and conservation programmes
σ Use the guide to preserve frogs: Identify and report sightings of frogs to help scientists verify and protect them
σ Participate in habitat protection: Protect national areas where frogs live and help restore habitats if necessary
σ Engage in policy advocacy: Support legislation and policies that protect endangered species and their habitats.
Besides that, one can donate to causes relating to the Preservation of Blommersia dupreezi.
By taking the above-mentioned few actions, individuals can contribute to the preservation of Blommersia dupreezi and help the survival of this critically endangered species.
There is more that can be done to Preserve Blommersia dupreezi. To stay within the scope of this note, we can limit ourselves to the above-mentioned actions or steps to Preserve Blommersia dupreezi.
• • Add-on Activity of the Week’s Campaign: Raise Awareness
To raise awareness of the ecological, cultural, and intrinsic value of amphibians and their habitats, one can work with a local group and encourage community action on amphibian conservation matters. Alternatively, one can consider involving in organisations outside the local level working on amphibian matters.
In the UK, there is a number of organisations working on amphibian conservation issues. Among these organisations in the UK, we can mention the following:
Amphibian and Reptile Group of the UK, Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust, Rethink Nature, Froglife, Natural England, etc.
In Africa, one can consider organisations like
Anura Africa, African Herpetological and Biodiversity Institute, IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (ASG Southern Africa), Endangered Wildlife Trust, Amphibian Survival Alliance, World Wildlife Fund, Synchronicity Earth, etc.
These organisations (both in the UK and Africa) play a significant role in the conservation of amphibians as they work to ensure the survival of these species and the health of the ecosystems they inhabit.
Those who may be interested in raising awareness about the ecological, cultural, and intrinsic value of amphibians and their habitats; they should not hesitate to contact a local group and/or the above-named organisations.
To find out more about the entire “A la une” Campaign and Themed Activities, please communicate with CENFACS.
• Information, Guidance and Signposts on Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) Services and Entities
Information, guidance and signposts include three types areas of support via CENFACS, which are:
a) Information Service: making available information about SSE services for those looking for this information
b) Guidance Service: includes orientation, counselling, exploration and placement on SSE Services and Entities to help people and organisations make informed decisions and adjust to life’s changes
b) Signposting Service: guides individuals to other organisations or support networks that can better meet their needs in SSE matters.
Let us expand a bite on the above-mentioned three services.
• • Information and Guidance on SSE Services and Entities
The following information or listing provides some examples of SSE organisations operating in Africa:
∝) The African Network for Social and Social Solidarity Economy (ANSSE): a non-profit association that brings together country networks in the field of sustainable development
∝) Beninese Group of the Solidarity Social Economy (GBESS) in Benin: works with other groups and promotes SSE initiative through partnerships and project calls
∝) The National Social and Solidarity Network (RENESS) in Cameroon: works on SSE matters
∝) Stokvels and Rotating Savings and Credit Associations in South Africa: ROSCAs deals with informal savings and credit groups in South Africa
∝) Eastern African Farmers Federation: is an example of cooperative
∝) Diesis network: provides support and resources for SSE organisations
Etc.
The above listing is about some of the organisations that work on SSE matters. Having information about them can guide those who want to know more about Africa’s Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystem and the type of support available on SSE matters. The listing is not exhaustive and has to be used with other sources of information on the subject.
Those Africa-based Sister Organisations (ASOs) that are looking for information and guidance on SSE matters or to embrace SSE model and that do not know what to do, CENFACS can work with them (via needs assessment conducted under CENFACS’ International Advice Service) or provide them with leads about SSE organisations, institutions and services that can help them.
We can provide information and guidance to address SSE issues and support to ASOs to reduce information and knowledge gaps. Our Information and Guidance Services will help them foster creativity, community engagement and opportunities for growth through SSE models.
• • Signposts to Improve Users’ Experience about SSE Services and Entities
For those who are looking for whereabout to find help about SSE Services and Organisations, we can direct them.
More tips and hints relating to the matter can be obtained from CENFACS‘ Advice-giving Service and Sessions.
Additionally, you can refer to above-mentioned list of SSE organisations and services providing help and support in the area of SSE matters. If the organisations you are looking for are not on the above-named list, you can ask CENFACS to find them. But, before making any request one needs to specify the kind of SSE organisations and information they are looking for.
To make your request, just contact CENFACS with your name and contact details.
• Review of the Campaign to End Poverty Induced by High Costs of Living
Before approaching this review, let explain the Campaign to End Poverty Induced by High Costs of Living.
• • What Is the Campaign to End Poverty Induced by High Costs of Living?
The Campaign to End Poverty Linked to Rising Costs of Living, which we launched in October 2022, is an organised series of actions to gain support for the cost-of-living poor so that something can be done for them. These actions need to result in change, particularly the reduction and end of poverty led by the cost-of-living crisis. The latter is now a barrier for many poor.
As part of this campaign, we have taken short-, medium- and long-term actions as follows.
Short-term or immediate actions with the community are critical actions or activities undertaken for a period of six months to help those who are poor because of high costs of living that prevent them to make ends meet.
Medium-term actions, which are actions run between 6 and 24 months, are taken to avoid that the cost-of-living crisis to settle in with the time and to become a humanitarian crisis.
Long-term actions, which are actions going from 2 to 10 years, help avoid the cost-of-living crisis leads to intergenerational poverty which can happen if poverty linked to high cost of living is transmitted to future generations.
Because it is now three years since this campaign was launched, we would like to review it.
• • What Is the Review of the Campaign to End Poverty Induced by High Costs of Living?
It is a structured look back at the three campaign actions we have conducted so far. The campaign review will examine the goals, outcomes, response and lessons to be learned for the remaining years of this campaign as the cost-of-living crisis is still there. It will help capture insights and drives campaign optimisation.
In this respect, the campaign reviews will include the campaign performance review (checking metrics and key performance indicators of this campaign) and the cost-of-living poor’s feedback. They will help improve the remaining parts of this campaign. This set of reviews will enable us to generate campaign review report.
Those who have been acting with us and would like to provide their inputs or feedback, they should not hesitate to contact CENFACS.
For any enquiries and/or queries about this review or the campaign itself, please contact CENFACS.
Message in French (Message en français)
• FACS, Numéro 89, Automne 2025, Titre du numéro : Les Oeuvres de Charité Africaines dans le Nouvel Écosystème de l’Économie Sociale et Solidaire de l’Afrique
Dans le 88ᵉ numéro de FACS, il s’agissait de trouver des sources de financement alternatives afin que les associations caritatives africaines puissent continuer leur mission de réduction de la pauvreté en Afrique, car les coupes dans l’aide étrangère et internationale les ont forcées à chercher des alternatives, en particulier pour élaborer de nouveaux modèles de financement et d’affaires. Nous travaillons toujours sur des développements alternatifs qui permettraient aux associations caritatives africaines de mener à bien leur mission. Nous abordons ces développements alternatifs du point de vue de ‘sociology.institute’ (3), qui explique que
« Les modèles de développement alternatifs peuvent être compris comme une réaction aux limites des approches traditionnelles. Ces modèles alternatifs privilégient le bien-être humain, la durabilité environnementale et la préservation des cultures locales ».
Nous travaillons également sur des systèmes économiques alternatifs. Les systèmes économiques alternatifs peuvent être compris, selon ‘auditingaccounting.com’ (4), comme
«Les différentes manières dont les sociétés organisent la production, la distribution et la consommation de biens et de services. Chaque système possède des structures, des valeurs et des méthodes distinctes pour gérer les ressources. Les systèmes économiques les plus courants incluent le capitalisme, le socialisme, le communisme, les économies mixtes et les économies traditionnelles. Chaque système influence l’activité économique et les résultats sociaux de manière différente, reflétant des approches diverses de la gestion des ressources et des objectifs sociétaux».
De plus, il existe de nouvelles formes économiques alternatives dans lesquelles nous nous intéressons. Parmi ces formes émergentes, « koloo.at » (5) en nomme trois : l’économie donut, l’économie du bien commun et l’économie post-croissance (ou décroissance).
Ces modèles de développement alternatifs, systèmes économiques et formes ont contribué à la conception du 89ᵉ numéro de FACS.
Dans le 89ᵉ numéro de FACS, il s’agit de dépasser les limites des approches économiques traditionnelles en traitant des économies alternatives ou des espaces pouvant être favorables aux associations caritatives africaines, en particulier aux Organisations Sœurs Basées en Afrique de CENFACS (OSA), non seulement pour continuer à réduire la pauvreté, mais aussi pour éventuellement la faire disparaître en Afrique. Le 89ᵉ numéro puise son contenu dans les économies alternatives. Il existe de nombreuses économies ou espaces alternatifs. L’économie ou l’espace alternatif qui nous intéresse est l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS). Qu’est-ce que l’ESS ?
Il existe plusieurs définitions de l’ESS. Sans toutes les énumérer, référons-nous à celle donnée par l’Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques (6) ; définition qui est la suivante :« L’ESS est une formation économique qui vise à améliorer la qualité de vie d’une région ou d’une communauté sur la base de la solidarité. Il cherche à traiter et à transformer l’exploitation dans le cadre de l’économie capitaliste et de l’économie dominée par les grandes entreprises et les grands actionnaires ».
L’ESS opère dans un lieu ou une région spécifique. Nous nous intéressons à l’ESS qui opère en Afrique, c’est-à-dire à l’écosystème africain de l’ESS. L’écosystème de l’économie sociale et solidaire (EESS) est ici perçu du point de vue de ‘socialchangeinnovators.com’ (7) comme
« Un cadre qui clarifie les notions fondamentales de l’économie sociale et solidaire, ainsi que des concepts connexes tels que l’économie sociale, l’entreprise sociale et l’innovation sociale. Il vise à expliquer ce que sont ces concepts et à comprendre comment ils ont évolué au cours des dernières décennies ».
Le 89ème numéro porte sur la façon dont les associations caritatives africaines peuvent se démarquer de la masse grâce aux avantages structurels des modèles ou écosystèmes de l’économie sociale et solidaire. Parmi ces avantages, on trouve la création d’emplois, les flux de capitaux dirigés par la communauté, l’alignement des systèmes, la propriété collective, la démocratisation et les relations basées sur la solidarité au sein des différentes organisations constituant l’ESS. Comme le soulignent Linda Lundgaard Andersen et al. (8),
« L’économie solidaire est un hétéroespace pour les activités économiques et les relations économiques solidaires, ainsi que pour les interactions entre les personnes lorsqu’elles construisent leurs moyens de subsistance. »
Pour que l’écosystème de l’ESS de l’Afrique fonctionne comme un hétéroespace, il est nécessaire que les entités engagées dans des activités économiques, sociales et environnementales interagissent et échangent entre elles tout en servant l’intérêt collectif et/ou général.
L’Institut de la Société Civile de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (9) déclare que
« La Banque Africaine de Développement estime que les dons locaux pourraient contribuer jusqu’à 400 milliards de dollars américains au produit intérieur brut de l’Afrique d’ici 2030 ».
De même, ‘africa.com’ (10) affirme que
« À travers l’Afrique subsaharienne, on estime que les entreprises sociales créent directement entre 28 et 41 millions d’emplois ».
Malgré l’absence de cadres statistiques dédiés qui entrave une mesure précise, les chiffres estimés mentionnés ci-dessus mettent en évidence le potentiel significatif des efforts philanthropiques et caritatifs nationaux pour dynamiser l’économie sociale et solidaire ainsi que pour réduire la pauvreté en Afrique. Les associations caritatives africaines jouent et peuvent jouer un rôle clé dans l’ESS en mettant l’accent sur le bien-être communautaire et l’impact social plutôt que sur le profit, en comblant les lacunes en matière de services en fournissant des services essentiels tels que les soins, en créant des environnements inclusifs et en favorisant la gouvernance démocratique au sein de l’écosystème de l’ESS.
Le 89ᵉ numéro se réfère aux fondements théoriques clés de l’ESS qui rejettent la maximisation pure du profit au profit de l’impact social et des valeurs humaines. Il fait également référence aux théories de l’équité, de la promotion, de la démocratie et de la durabilité. Certaines de ces théories qui rejettent la maximisation pure du profit ont été mises en avant par Linda Lundgaard Andersen et al. (op. cit.) qui mentionnent Karl Polanyi en ces termes :
« La théorie économique proposée par Karl Polanyi affirme que les systèmes économiques basés sur les éléments collaboratifs de réciprocité et de redistribution précèdent historiquement l’approche utilitariste du marché ».
Ils se réfèrent également à la théorie démocratique développée par des penseurs comme Jürgen Habermas et John Dewey.
Le 89e numéro prend en compte les modèles ou écosystèmes de l’ESS, qui incluent les coopératives, les mutuelles, les associations, les organisations à but non lucratif, les entreprises sociales et les initiatives de commerce équitable ; tout en abordant les OAS (Organisations d’Appui au Secteur) en termes de dynamisme qu’elles peuvent apporter à l’ESS pour une transformation systémique du système économique actuel vers un système qui favorise la réduction de la pauvreté.
Comme les modèles ou les écosystèmes de l’Économie Sociale et Solidaire offrent un environnement pour des formes alternatives de capital, le 89ᵉ numéro explore comment les OSA peuvent bénéficier de sources de financement alternatives issues de l’espace ESS en Afrique. Il examine également la structure, le déploiement et la mesure du capital des OSA en Afrique.
Étant donné la primauté des personnes et de l’objectif social sur le capital comme l’une des valeurs clés de l’ESS, le 89ᵉ numéro partage l’expérience d’alignement des flux de capitaux avec l’impact dans les associations caritatives africaines générant de la valeur sociale et répondant aux besoins de leurs utilisateurs/rices.
La transition de l’Afrique vers l’économie sociale implique que les associations africaines participent à un mouvement stratégique vers des systèmes évolutifs, inclusifs et préparés pour l’avenir. Le 89ᵉ numéro reflète les perceptions des associations africaines quant à leur expérience dans ce mouvement et sur la manière dont cela affectera les bénéficiaires de leurs projets.
On pense également que les EESS sont des modèles économiques ancrés dans la communauté et des zones mal desservies par les systèmes formels. Le 89ᵉ numéro examine comment la participation des ASO dans l’EESS africain contribue à répondre aux besoins de ceux ou celles qui vivent dans l’économie informelle.
Loin d’être un exposé sur la nouvelle expérience africaine en matière de l’ESS, le 89ᵉ numéro explore la tentative des OSA de construire une indépendance par rapport au système de subventions perpétuelles afin d’améliorer leur participation au sien de l’EESS en Afrique tout en réalisant leur mission dans un espace inclusif, évolutif et tourné vers l’avenir.
Pour obtenir de plus amples informations sur le publication n° 89, veuillez contacter le CENFACS.
Main Development
• Autumn Matching Organisation-Investor via Sustainable Educational System (SES) Project
The following items explain this project:
σ What Is a MOIvSESP?
σ The Aim of MOIvSESP
σ Sustainable Education System
σ Key Points about Matching Organisation-Investor Programme (MOIP) to Consider
σ How MOIP Works
σ Benefits of Matching Organisation and Not-for-profit Impact Investors
σ How Can Africa-based Sister Organisations and Not-for-profit Investors be Matched through Sustainable Education System (SES)?
σ Matching Guidelines
σ Outcomes of MOIvSESP
σ Plan for 5-week Matching Activities
σ 29/10/2025 to 03/12/2025: Activity 1 of MOIvSESP
Let us highlight each of the above-mentioned items.
• • What Is a MOIvSESP?
MOIvSESP, which is part of CENFACS’ Matching Organisation-Investor Programme, refers to the process of connecting or aligning a charitable organisation (specifically Africa-based Sister Charitable Organisations) seeking investment (investee) with a suitable potential impact investor via a sustainable educational system project.
Essentially, it is about finding a charitable organisation that fits the impact investor’s investment criteria, goals and interests; as well as creating a good match/fit between the two parties involved in an investment transaction.
MOIvSESP is indeed an exercise to keep active and engaged Africa-based sister Charitable Organisations (ASCOs) and n-f-p impact investors for the rest of the Autumn Season and the beginning of Winter Season 2025. The exercise is meant to keep their respective dreams alive and to awake their potentials to grab any existing opportunities within the n-f-p market.
For those ASCOs and n-f-p educational investors willing to realise their Autumn/Winter dream of winning an investment for the former and a share for the latter, this Autumn-Winter initiative is a golden opportunity for each of them not to miss.
• • The Aim of MOIvSESP
The main aim of MOIvSESP is to facilitate a mutually beneficial relationship, where ASCO (investee) gains access to capital, expertise, and resources, and the investor earns a potentially high-return not-for-profit investment opportunities through a sustainable educational system/project. This connection can lead to ASCO’s growth, innovation, and long-term success, while allowing the investor (who generally is a not-for-profit one in accordance of CENFACS‘ matching model and terms) to achieve their goals (which are other than financial ones).
Besides this main aim, there is the specific aim of the sustainable educational system/project, which is the reduction of educational poverty. Educational poverty could be (but not necessarily) due to the lack of best match or fit between ASCOs’ needs and not-for-profit impact investors’ interests. Where the needs of the ASCOs best meet or match the vested interests of not-for-profit impact investors, there could be high probability to reduce educational poverty amongst the beneficiaries of ASCOs. The match probability could be high (that is, a number close to 1.00 or 100%) or average (that is, expected value) or low (that is, a value close to zero) depending on how much ASCOs’ needs meet impact investors’ interests.
• • Sustainable Education System (SES) Project
To understand sustainable education system, let us define it and where ASCO would like to focus within this system in terms of project.
• • • What is sustainable education system (SES)?
It emerges from the literature review of SES that a sustainable education system, also known as Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), is a form of education that empowers people with the knowledge, skills and values to create a more sustainable future by balancing environment, social and economic well-being. It goes beyond curriculum to include active participatory, and critical teaching methods that prepare learners to make responsible choices and take action on issues, like climate change, inequality and diversity loss.
Depending on the local needs on the grounds where SES will be implemented as a project, ASCO will determine which aspects of SES it would like to embark on.
• • • What is SES Project Aim and Goal?
The aim of SES Project is to reduce educational poverty (that is, the condition of experiencing poor education) through the setting up of a SES Project. In other words, SES Project aims to integrate sustainability principles into all aspects of learning to prepare students to address social, economic, and environmental challenges. This can involve curriculum reform, new technology methods, community engagement, and institutional changes to equip learners with the knowledge, skills, and values needed for a sustainable future.
The goal is to foster awareness and action on issues like climate change, inequality, and resource depletion.
• • • What is SESP’s business model?
Depending on areas of Africa where SESP will be implemented, ASCO’s business model is business-to-consumer (or charity-to-beneficiaries) and/or business-to-business (or charity-to-educational institutions) . In other words, the SES Project will directly offer educational services to schools/learning institutions and indirectly to students/pupils. However, students and pupils will be the real or end-users. It will specifically leverage technology for for learning.
• • • What is leveraging technology for learning?
It is about strategically using digital tools and resources to create more personalised, engaging, and accessible educational experiences. It involves integrating technology to improve how content is delivered and how students interact with it, leading to better outcomes through personalised learning, access to global resources, collaborative tools, and interactive content.
This approach prepares students for the digital age by building essential skills like digital literacy and critical thinking. The approach will help accelerate action for the transformation and skills development in Africa in accordance to the African Union Commission’s dedicated decade of 2025 – 2034 (op. cit.).
ASCO would like to address the challenges of limited access to schools, poor learning resources and infrastructures, teacher shortages and training gaps, the digital divide, and financial and social barriers.
ASCO wants to address these challenges by leveraging technology for learning with e-learning platforms, mobile education apps, and digital libraries, which can provide access to quality education. ASCO is also planning to include affordable internet and solar-powered digital classrooms to help bridge the gap in areas with limited electricity in Africa.
• • • Key components of a SES
They include:
σ Holistic curriculum: Integrates topics like climate change, poverty reduction, and sustainable consumption into all subjects
σ Skills and competencies: SES Project helps to develop critical thinking, systemic analysis, creativity, and collaborative problem-solving
σ Participatory methods: Encourages active learning through group work, real-world projects and dialogue
σ Behavioural change: Empowers students to change their own behaviour and take action for sustainable development
σ Long-term vision: Focuses on shaping a sustainable future for current and future generations.
• • • Why SES is important
SES is important as it help to
σ Prepare for the future by equipping individuals/students/learners for a world with growing economic, social, and environmental challenges
σ Drive innovation by fostering the skills and agency needed to create solutions for a more sustainable and equitable future
σ Encourage responsible action by bringing smart, responsible choices that benefit both people and the planet
σ Foster critical thinking by assisting people to critically engage with complex issues like climate justice and global inequality.
In short, SES Project will be an opportunity to increase support to fight educational poverty and hardships amongst the Africa-based Charitable Organisation’s users and beneficiaries.
• • • SES can help fight and reduce educational poverty
To explain if SES can reduce educational poverty, let us first provide the meaning of educational poverty. Educational poverty is defined by ‘andreabocellifoundation.org’ (11) as
“A condition in which children and adolescents are deprived of essential opportunities to learn, explore the world, develop their potential, and shape their future with autonomy and awareness”.
The website ‘andreabocellifoundation.org’ adds that
“Educational poverty extends beyond poor academic attainment. It is a multidimensional phenomenon, shaped by family, economic, and social factors, and encompasses both cognitive and non-cognitive skills, including emotional and relational competencies”.
SES can help reduce educational poverty by empowering individuals with skills for better jobs, fostering economic growth through a qualified workforce, and promoting social mobility and reduced inequality. It can equip people with the knowledge to make better decisions, start business, and participate in society, while focusing on lifelong learning and addressing educational barriers for disadvantaged groups.
• • Key Points about Matching Organisation-Investor Programme to Consider
There are three points that need explanation to understand the implementation of MOIvSESP, which are: investee, investor, and matching process or programme.
a) Investee is the ASCO that is seeking and will receive the investment.
b) Investor is the person or entity providing the capital for SES Project. In our matching model, this investor is not-for-profit impact one or a transformational one. A not-for-profit (n-f-p) impact investor is a kind of an investor who is trying to invest in a project without looking to make money for themselves. Our n-f-p impact investor, who is driven by selfless motivations, would invest to reduce educational poverty for impact in Africa’s not-for-profit organisations and charitable causes.
c) Matching process is the analyse of factors (like charity sector, education industry, e-learning technology and industry, business stage development, investment size, risk tolerance, and strategic fit) to find the best possible pairing between investee and not-for-profit impact investor.
• • How MOIP Works
MOIP works under CENFACS’ Matching Platform by comparing and contrasting investor’s profiles and investee’s profiles.
• • • Investor’s profiles
Impact investors outline their investment preferences, including target sectors, preferred investment stages, and desired social return on investment.
• • • Investee’s profiles
ASCOs seeking funding create profiles detailing their charitable models, programmes, volunteering policies, financials, teams, achievements, and investment needs.
• • • CENFACS’ matching platform
This platform helps match investors with investees based on their stated criteria.
• • Benefits of Matching Organisation and Not-for-profit Impact Investors
There are benefits when organisations’ needs match not-for-profit investors’ interest. These benefits include:
√ Cost-effectiveness as MOIvSESP reduces the costs for both organisations (for instance, the costs of looking for investment) and impact investors (e.g., the costs of finding the right organisation in which to invest)
√ Reduction of opportunity costs between the two parties (i.e., investee and investor) engaged in the MOIvSESP
√ Increased efficiency which facilitates quicker connection, creates and sustains relationships between organisations seeking funds and investors
√ Better alignment as impact investors find organisations that align with their investment goals, as well as problems-solving mechanisms or solutions for organisations’ problems and needs, and solutions to investors’ requests
√ Opportunity for a fit test (i.e., testing organisation-investor fit on mutual interests and contribution to the right decision)
√ Qualitative feedback about Organisation-Investor and background knowledge
√ Better decision-making processes for the two parties (e.g., organisations and investors)
√ Access to diverse opportunities as CENFACS’ Matching Platform provides access to pool of potential investees for impact investors looking for organisations to invest in
Etc.
For ASCO (investee), CENFACS’ Matching Platform will help as follows:
σ Access to capital: CENFACS’ Matching Platform enables to secure funding, crucial for ASCOs to scale their charity objects/mission;
σ Expertise and resources: ASCOs will benefit from investor’s valuable experience, industry knowledge, and networking connections;
σ Strategic alignment: Investor’s investment philosophy and goals will be aligned with ASCO’s vision;
σ Reduced search effort: CENFACS’ Matching Platform streamlines the search for suitable investors, saving ASCO’s valuable time and resources.
For Not-for-profit investor, CENFACS’ Matching Platform will provide the following:
σ Access to high-growth opportunities: CENFACS’ Matching Platform provides access to a stream of vetted deal flow;
σ Diversification: CENFACS’ Matching Platform can help investors diversify their portfolio and reduce risks;
σ Expertise and network: Through CENFACS’ Matching Programme, investors can leverage the expertise of other investors or industry experts;
σ Risk reduction: CENFACS’ Matching Platform help investors reduce risk and get confidence in their investments.
Briefly, CENFACS’ Matching Programme creates a win-win situation where both the investee and investor benefit from a well-matched partnership.
• • How Can Africa-based Sister Organisations and Not-for-profit Investors be Matched through SES Project?
The matching happens through the two main components of this programme, which are Impact Advice to ASCOs and Guidance to Not-for-profit Investors for Impact.
• • • What is Impact Advice to ASCOs?
It is an approach to or methodology of working with ASCOs that uses a theory of change to measure impact following advice given on project planning.
Impact Advice uses impact measuring tools and frontline metrics to track results and outcomes.
• • • Guidance to Not-for-profit Investors for Impact
This is a service we offer to those n-f-p investors who would like to not-for-profit invest for impact in Africa’s not-for-profit organisations and charitable causes.
Briefly, Africa-based Sister Charitable Organisations and Not-for-profit Investors can be matched via Impact Advice on project planning for the former and Guidance on Impact Investing for the latter. They can as well be advised on project appraisals. To realise a successful match, some guidelines need to be followed.
• • Matching Guidelines
To carry out matching, one needs to know the profile of the organisation that is looking for not-for-profit investment, the specification or description of the investor, and identification of possible ways of matching organisation’s profile and investor’s specification.
• • Outcomes of MOIvSESP
It is better to differentiate outcomes for not-for-profit investors from those relating to Africa-based Sister Charitable Organisations and Causes.
• • • Outcomes for Not-for-profit Investors
The activity will provide peace of mind for n-f-p investors and a good return in terms of education outcomes and the rate or size of educational poverty reduction they will expect from the organisations or causes in which they will invest or support.
• • • Outcomes for Africa-based Sister Charitable Organisations and Causes
The activity will enable them to access the type of investment they need and build the capacity they are lacking. In doing so, this helps them to achieve their project aims, objectives and key deliverables with peace of mind.
• • Plan for 5-week Matching Activities
As part of CENFACS‘ Matching Organisation-Investor via a Sustainable Educational System Project (MOIvSESP), we are running 5-week matching activities to support both educational charitable organisations and not-for-profit impact investors. It is a 5-week work about Impact Advice Service for educational charitable organisations and Guidance Service on Impact Investing for not-for-profit investors.
The project is based on 5 Basic Components of eLearning Business Plan as suggested by ‘planpros.aid’ (12) and 5 Essential Stages of Sustainable Education System (SES) Project Life Cycle from an investor’s perspective as highlighted within the literature about SES.
The 5 Basic Components of eLearning Business Plan, which ASCO needs to consider are as follows:
Component one: eLearning Industry Analysis
Component two: Project Beneficiary Analysis
Component three: Marketing Analysis
Component four: Operations Analysis
Component five: Financial Analysis.
The 5 Essential Stages of Sustainable Education System (SES) Project Life Cycle from the investor’s perspective are:
Stage 1: Initiation and Feasibility
Stage 2: Planning and Design
Stage 3: Execution and Implementation
Stage 4: Monitoring and Reporting
Stage 5: Exit
We have adapted these components and phases to SES Project.
However, let us recognise that there could be more than five components or stages in any SES Project e-learning process and any investment lifecycle. Because we set up some boundaries by limiting ourselves to deliver this project in five weeks, we chose a five-stages model for SES investment lifecycle.
The project is designed to work with both those seeking not-for-profit impact investors and those who would like to invest in the not-for-profit educational charitable organisations and causes. The following is our action plan.
Note to table no. 1:
(*) Match periods are portions of time intended to help discover whether or not investors’ interests match organisations’ needs
If you want advice, help and support to find not-for-profit impact investors; CENFACS can work with you under this 5-week Matching Organisation-Investor via a SES Project, starting from 29 October 2025.
If you need guidance to outsource educational charitable organisations and causes in Africa; CENFACS can work with you under this 5-week Matching Organisation-Investor via a SES Project, starting from 29 October 2025.
It is worth saying that a charitable educational organisation has a fantastic chance to fulfil their winter dream of receiving a much-needed investment through these matching activities. Additionally, they are a lofty goal for a not-for-profit educational investor to locate wintertime tranquilly by impact investing in an appropriate organisation in Africa.
Need to engage with Matching Organisation-Investor via a SES Project, please contact CENFACS.
• • 29/10/2025 to 04/11/2025: Activity 1 of MOIvSESP –
Matching Organisation-Impact Investor via eLearning Industry Analysis versus Initiation and Feasibility Study
There are many scenarios in which an investor can invest in an organisation. In our scenario or model of matching organisation-investor programme, we are trying to bring a potential impact investor in an Africa-based Sister Educational Charitable Organisation and/or Cause through two things:
a) The first component of ASCO’s eLearning Business Plan (component which is eLearning Industry Analysis)
b) The first stage of SES Project lifecycle from the perspective of the Not-for-profit Transformational Investor (this first stage is Initiation and Feasibility Study).
We are trying to match what ASCO is offering as part of its business plan and what a transformational investor’s view on sustainable educational project lifecycle.
• • • Matching Organisation’s eLearning Industry Analysis with Not-for-profit Impact Investors’ View on Initiation and Feasibility Study
• • • • ASCO’s Approach to this First Activity
To approach this matching exercise, ASCO has to show that it has carried out e-learning industry analysis in Africa by sharing its findings on the following elements:
σ The adoption percentage of online learning platforms by educational institutions
σ The necessity of remote learning in Africa
σ The demand for personalised and self-paced learning experiences
σ The market for online courses and flexible learning options to cater for the diverse needs and preferences of students and schools in Africa
σ The spread level for the use of mobile devices and the availability of high-speed internet
σ The analysis on mobile learning or “mlearning”.
ASCO needs to have credible information about the above-mentioned items. This is because the not-for-profit transformational investor may want to know the following:
σ How beneficiaries or users will access educational content at anytime and anywhere
σ The optimisation of ASCO’s platform for mobile devices and how ASCO will ensure seamless user experience across different devices (like mobile phones, laptops, PC , etc.)
σ If ASCO’s system will be regularly updated with emerging technologies and incorporating them into their e-learning solutions
σ If ASCO will build a robust e-learning platform that will be a user-friendly, scalable e-learning platform with essential features like course management, donation gateway integration, and beneficiary support mechanisms
σ That ASCO will ensure all technologies and beneficiary service processes will be operational and optimised for user experience.
• • • • Not-for-profit Investor’s Perspective on this First Activity
The transformational not-for-profit investor will want to identify that ASCO’s project has a clear purpose and is aligned with both the educational mission and budget. He/she will check the project feasibility study that includes a life cycle costing analysis to assess long-term operational costs potential for energy efficiency and other sustainability factors.
As part of the key activities relating to the Project Initiation and Feasibility Study, the N-f-p Investor will verify if ASCO has
σ Defined the project scope and objectives, including social and environmental impacts
σ Identified project stakeholders and built relationships with them from the start
σ Assessed financial viability, potential fundraising streams, and long-term social return on investment
σ Confirmed alignment with investor’s values and ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) goals.
ASCO needs to demonstrate that it handle the initiation and feasibility study properly.
In order to reach an agreement, ASCO needs to set the tone through its Business Description throughout the e-learning business plan. It should convince any potential n-f-p impact investors that it is worth investing in the SES Project.
The n-f-p impact investor, who will be looking through ASCO’s Business Description, would like to get the first impression of ASCO’s business idea. He/she wants to understand the core activities of the SES Project, the products or services it will offer and how it will benefit local people or ASCO’s project beneficiaries or users.
• • • • Matching Organisation’s eLearning Industry Analysis with Not-for-profit Impact Investors’ View on Initiation and Feasibility
ASCO needs to explain why it wants to develop an e-learning platform. To do that, it needs to clearly define its project goals, target patient groups, and the functionalities of the platform. It means ASCO has understood potential users’ needs and has analysed the competition.
As to the n-f-p impact investor, he/she may want to know the specific needs of ASCO’s technology for learning and the features and functionalities that will be included. He/she wants to know its idea of creating a unique ecosystem of the e-learning. He/she would like to be ensured that there will be a link between ASCO’s e-learning industry analysis with SES project initiation and feasibility (both technical and financial feasibility).
To enable this Activity 1 or first level of matching talks to move further, ASCO has to respond to the queries, enquiries and questions from the not-for-profit impact investors.
Briefly, the not-for-profit impact investors would like to be ensured that ASCO’s project goals are SMART enough and will be directed towards SES activities and education poverty reduction. If this is the case, there will be a possibility to reach an agreement.
• • • Reaching an Agreement on the the Key Areas of the eLearning Industry Analysis as well as Initiation and Feasibility Study
The two sides (ASCO and the n-f-p impact investor) need to reach an agreement on the contents of ASCO’s e-learning industry analysis and n-f-p impact investor’s view on project initiation and feasibility. If there is a disagreement between ASCO and n-f-p impact investor, this could open up the possibility for a match/fit test. The match/fit test can be carried out to try to help the two sides of the matching process. The match/fit test can also be undertaken if there is a disagreement on any of aspects of the SES Project.
• • • The Match or Fit Test
As part of the match or fit test, the contents of ASCO’s e-learning industry analysis must be matched with n-f-p impact investor’s view on project initiation and feasibility study.
The match test (or matched sampling) will help to increase the accuracy and statistical efficiency of the study of the SES Project by carefully selecting subjects for comparison. The purpose here will be to increase the statistical efficiency of the study on SES Project by controlling for confounding variables when forming a sample.
The fit test will assist in determining how well the observed sample data matches a specified theoretical distribution. The fit test will check if the data collected fits a model or an assumed population distribution. So, the purpose of the fit test is to validate or invalidate the statistical model by checking if the sample data follows an expected distribution.
The match can be perfect or close (that is, when every unit is paired with an equivalent unit) in order to reach an agreement. If there is a huge or glaring difference between the two (i.e., between what the investor’s approach to project initiation and feasibility study and what ASCO is saying about its e-learning industry analysis, between what the investor would like the e-learning industry analysis to indicate and what ASCO’s e-learning industry analysis is really saying), the probability or chance of having an agreement at this first round of negotiations could be null or uncertain.
• • • Impact Advice to ASCO and Guidance to n-f-p Impact Investor
Where there could be a disagreement, CENFACS can impact advise ASCO to improve the contents of its e-learning industry analysis. CENFACS can as well guide n-f-p impact investors with impact to work out their expectations in terms of project initiation and feasibility study to a format that can be agreeable by potential ASCOs.
CENFACS’ impact advice for ASCOs and guidance on impact investing for n-f-p impact investor, which are impartial, will help each of them (i.e., investee and investor) to make informed decisions and to reduce or avoid the likelihood of any significant losses or misunderstandings or mismatches.
• • • The Rule of the Matching Game
The rule of the game is the more impact investors are attracted by ASCOs’ e-learning industry analysis the better for ASCOs. It means that ASCO’s process must pass the attractiveness test (that is, the evaluation of market’s appeal). Likewise, the more ASCOs can successfully respond to impact investors’ level of enquiries and queries about the SES Project the better for investors. In this respect, the matching game needs to be a win-win one to benefit both players (i.e., investee and investor).
The above is the first Activity of the Matching Organisation-Investor via SES Project.
Those potential organisations seeking investment to set up a SES Project and n-f-p educational investors looking for organisations that are interested in their giving, they can contact CENFACS to arrange the match or fit test for them. They can have their fit test carried out by CENFACS’ Hub for Testing Hypotheses.
• • • CENFACS’ Hub for Testing Hypotheses
The Hub can help to use analysis tools to test assumptions and determine how likely something is within a given standard of accuracy. The Hub can assist to
√ clean, merge and prepare micro-data sources for testing, modelling and analysis
√ conduct data management and administration
√ carry out regression analysis, estimate and test hypotheses
√ interpret and analyse patterns or trends or insights in data or results.
For any queries and/or enquiries about this first stage/activity of Matching Organisation-Investor via SES Project, please do not hesitate to contact CENFACS.
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• References
(1) https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20251001/auc-launched-decade-education-and-six-strategic-frameworks-pacted-2025 (accessed in October 2025)
(2) https://www.getaway.co.za/wildlife/critically-endangered-frog-species-named-after-south-african-scientist/ (accessed in October 2025)
(3) https://sociology.institute/sociology-of-development/alternative-development-approaches-theory-action/ (accessed in September 2025)
(4) https://auditingaccounting.com/alternative-economic-systems-types-characteristics-and-comaprisons (accessed in October 2025)
(5) https://www.koloo.at/en/2023/05/12/alternative-economies/ (accessed in October 2025)
(6) https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2023/09/what-is-the-social-and-solidarity-economy-a-review-of-concepts_4b3d724b/dbc78 (accessed in September 2025)
(7) https://socialchangeinnovators.com/content/what-is-the-social-and-solidarity-economy-a-review-of-concepts/ (accessed in October 2025)
(8) Andersen, L. L., Hulgärd, L. & Laville, J.-L., (2022), The Social and Solidarity Economy: Roots and Horizons at doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-81743-5_5 (In book: New Economies for Sustainability. Edition: Luise Li Langergaard. Publisher: Springer)
(9) https://wacsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Research-Report_Local-Giving-in-Africa.pdf (accessed in September 2025)
(10) https://africa.com/social-enterprises-could-hold-the-key-to-a-prosperous-and-equitable-future-for-africa/#:~:text=… (accessed in September 2025)
(11) https://www.andreabocellifoundation.org/educational-poverty-definition-causes-and-strategies-for-change/ (accessed in October 2025)
(12) https://planpros.aid/busin-examples/technology/elearning-business-plan-template/ (accessed in October 2025)
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