Welcome to CENFACS’ Online Diary!
10 January 2024
Post No. 334
The Week’s Contents
• 2024 Light Season’s Resources, Projects and Programmes
• 2024 as a Year of Transitions
• Giving Hope to the Humanitarian Needy of the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2024
… And much more!
Key Messages
• 2024 Light Season’s Resources, Projects and Programmes
Last week, we listed projects and programmes to be carried out in January 2024. This week, we are unveiling more projects and programmes including resources. The last week’s listed projects and the ones to be unveiled below will all make our Light Season 2024.
In both last week’s and this week’s listings, there are two types of projects and programmes, which are:
a) Specifically Designed projects and programmes (such as humanitarian appeals) to feature CENFACS’ Light Campaign/Advocacy, to bring and carry the message of hope through a Blaze of Hope
b) Seasonal projects and programmes that just fall within the Season of Light, which is from 21 December in the preceding year (e.g., 2023) to 21 March in the following year (e.g., 2024).
Both Specifically Designed and Seasonal projects and programmes will be implemented side by side as we move on throughout the Season of Light.
Under the Main Development section of this post, we have provided further details about the 2024 Light Season’s Resources, Projects and Programmes.
• 2024 as a Year of Transitions
To reduce or end poverty, it may requires transition or people in need transitioning from one situation to another one. Transitions can be of varying kinds. Transition can be psychological, economic, financial, democratic, social, environmental, political, demographic, etc.
For example, at the moment energy transition is one of the terms in fashion for those who would like something to be done against adverse climate change. Transition viewed from the point of view of energy can help understand transitions or transformations in those who use polluting energy in becoming low-carbon or zero net emitters, in moving from fossil fuels consumption into a fossil-free one. Transitions as theme has been voted or chosen within CENFACS as an area of work for this year.
2024 will be a Year of Transitions within CENFACS, a year of using the notion of transitions as tool to understand paradigmatic change in the lives of those in need, particularly the CENFACS Community members. It will be a year of working with them as they sustainably transition the poverty reduction process. In this work with them, one should understand that transition does not necessarily lead to change. Yet, what we would like to achieve together with them is transitions that lead to better change. But, what do we mean by transitions?
• • Understanding Transitions
Transitions can be perceived in many ways. For example, in his Transition Theories Peter J. Marcotullio (1) defines transitions as
“Long-term, continuous processes wherein the structure character change marks a fundamental shift in a system. This fundamental change is presumably easily identified, although it may not always be so; and it could mark change for the better or worse, depending upon the human values attributed to the dynamics”.
Another interpretation of transition comes from Nancy K. Schlossberg (2) who sees it as a process of moving in, moving through and moving out a new situation or circumstances. According to her, the 3 stages in supporting people who are undergoing transition include approaching transitions (identifying the kind of transition and transition process), taking stock of the coping resources they need, and taking charge by strengthening resources.
The above definitions will help in approaching or applying transitions.
• • Approaching and Applying Transitions
To approach transitions, we are going to use a gradual or gradualist and inclusive model of the transition process. This approach is out the context of models of transition like neo-classical, post-Keynesian and market socialist approaches. It is an approach that engages the common good and focuses on poor or disadvantaged people in terms of how they can transition out of poverty.
This approach will drive our application of the notion of transitions as we will try to find out the determining factors that militate for those in need to move out of poverty and how we can work with them as they move through the transitions process. In this respect, the transitions in which we will be interested are the ones that help those in need to get out of poverty and hardships.
In brief, the above understanding, approach and application of transitions will make up 2024 as a Year of Transitions.
In order to realise the Year of Transitions, we need a project. This project is Transitions or ‘T‘ project.
• • Transitions (t) Project
The dedication of 2024 as a Year of Transitions comes with a project to carry out this dedication. The project to execute this dedication is the Transitions or ‘t‘ Project, which is one of the new initiatives for 2024. The following two elements help to understand this project: its meaning and its activities.
• • • What is ‘t’ Project?
It is a series or set of interconnected tasks or activities planned for the execution of CENFACS‘ dedication of year 2024 as of Transitions. These tasks or activities, which aim at reducing poverty, will be undertaken throughout 2024 within the requirements and limitations of CENFACS‘ existing and acquirable resources and assets.
Through this project, we hope to continue to help reduce poverty by working with project beneficiaries as they move through and out of poverty. The project will support them to smooth transitions processes they are undergoing in order to meet their poverty reduction goals. The support can be about tackling factors that can cause problems to their transitions.
• • • Activities and tasks relating to the ‘t’ Project
There will be twelve activities, one activity or task every month. Each ‘t’ activity will be announced at the beginning of each month. Through this project and each task, we will engage with project beneficiaries on the types of transitions need to undertake in order for them to move out of poverty or any hardships they are facing.
The first ‘t’ activity is about working with those in need to transition out of consumption-based poverty.
• • • Activity/Task 1 of the ‘t’ Project: Support People in Need to Transition out of Consumption-based Poverty
People can enter, exit and re-enter poverty. There could be reasons which make that to happen. For example, Ann Huff Stevens (3) explains that
“Two key factors drive poverty transitions: changes in household structure and change in labour market attachment at the individual or household level”.
These factors can also explain transitions in terms of poverty linked to consumption.
As part of activity or task 1, one can refer to Stevens’ factors or other factors to work with those experiencing some difficulties in their transitions process, whether these people are moving through or out of consumption-based poverty. This task or activity also features our January’s Goal or Goal of the Month, which is Reduction of Consumption-based Poverty.
For those who need any help before embarking on this task, they can speak to CENFACS.
For any other queries and enquiries about the ‘t‘ project and this year’s dedication, please contact CENFACS as well.
• Giving Hope to the Humanitarian Needy of the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2024
Our Season of Giving and Sustaining Hope for a better future continues as we appeal for the people of who need support to cope humanitarian crisis they are facing. As we explained in the last week’s post, our priorities or areas of work or need in 2024 include the Eastern side of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Although the DR Congo is pursuing transformation via democratic transition processes, it is still suffering from a series of events or crises such as violent clashes between armed groups in the East of the country, natural disasters, the influx of refugees, extensive internal displacement, etc. These events have caused tragedies, health and well-being issues.
One of these crises is a compound humanitarian crisis. According to ‘rescue.org’ (4),
“The DR Congo enters 2024 with 24.5 million people in need of humanitarian assistance – more than any other country on earth. The magnitude of the crisis has strained services, creating high levels of food insecurity and fuelling the spread of disease. The DR Congo’s 2023 humanitarian response plan received just 38% of its necessary funding”.
The December 2023 election process in the DR Congo did not escape from the negative effects of this humanitarian crisis. Many of the Congolese who are suffering from the humanitarian crisis did struggle to cast their votes as they had to choose between reaching the poll stations to cast their votes and looking for food to eat.
The Humanitarian Needy of DR Congo Want Your Assistance.
You could donate to support them. You can give either your influence or money or both to support them.
If you decide to provide influence, you could put positive influence on those who have the key to their humanitarian crisis or the factors feeding this crisis so that the Congolese victims of this crisis can move out of the humanitarian crisis.
If you choose instead to donate money, you can give £7 or any amount above. Your money will be allocated as follows:
£3 from your £7 can be used to support security for the internally displaced Congolese and £4 can assist in buying food or medicine.
Please, let us give hope to these Congolese victims of humanitarian crisis.
To support and or enquire about this appeal, please contact CENFACS.
Extra Messages
• Digital and Social Media Campaign
• New Year’s and January’s Goal: Reduction of Consumption-based Poverty
• New Year’s Structured Finance Activities/Micro-projects under Financial Capacity and Capability Building Programme/Scheme
• Digital and Social Media Campaign
Level 8: Cloud Technology to Reduce Poverty
Under the Digital and Social Media Campaign, we are continuing to work with our users on technology matter so that they find the right technology and technology-based solutions to poverty. In working together, we hope that they will be able to access the services they require to reduce or end poverty. In this model of working together, they are different levels.
The next level of our Digital and Social Media Campaign is about Cloud Technology. In this level, we shall work with users so that they can develop the skills necessary to access what is stored on internet servers in order for them to meet their needs.
• • What Is Cloud Technology?
There are many definitions within the information and communications technology literature. The definition we have selected comes from ‘dynamixsolutions.com’ (5), which explains that
“Cloud computing technology allows people to use digital resources stored in the virtual space by way of networks – often satellite networks. It allows people to share information and applications without being restricted by their physical location.
From this definition, cloud computing is a technology that enables people to access resources on the internet. There are advantages and disadvantages about this technology. What we are interested in is their advantages, in particular how they can help the CENFACS Community to reduce or end poverty.
• • Cloud Technology Skills to Reduce Poverty
This level of working together will be about using some skills to store data on the internet, use servers, access databases, network, briefly access resources. These skills can help users in the process of reducing poverty linked to the lack of understanding on storing and retrieving information from a virtual storage system.
To enquire and or to support the level 8 of our Digital and Social Media Campaign, please contact CENFACS.
• New Year’s and January’s Goal: Reduction of Consumption-based Poverty
Our monthly poverty reduction project or goal of the month, which is part of CENFACS’ 2020s Development Agenda and Poverty Reduction Programme (6), resumes this January 2024 with the goal of Reduction of Consumption-based Poverty. The project relates to the second goal of this programme; second goal which is Consume sustainably to reduce poverty and climate change.
To explain the reduction of consumption-based poverty, one needs to know consumption-based poverty.
• • What is Consumption-based Poverty?
Tara O’ Neil describes it on the website of ‘americanactionforum.org’ (7) in terms of measure by arguing that
“A consumption-based poverty measure assesses what people consume or purchase, regardless of how it was paid for (whether through income, tax credits, or non-cash benefits) to determine whether their needs are being met or not. In other words, this metric accounts for all types of benefits and aid that might be provided, as well as expenses”.
It is not a surprise if the Office for National Statistics (8) states that
“Consumption expenditure is thought to be a better measure of achieved living standards as it is through the consumption of goods and services that people satisfy their needs and wants over time”.
This measure can be to determine if for example the members of the CENFACS Community are experiencing poverty linked to consumption (including non-essential consumption). From this information, one can support them to find their way to reduce consumption-based poverty.
• • Reduction of Consumption-based Poverty
It is about bringing the consumption of a particular family or household to more than the poverty threshold. Reducing consumption-based poverty by CENFACS supporters or promotors of this goal can include initiatives such as working with the consumption poor to improve their real disposable income, financial capacity and capability, income-generating activities, expectations and sentiment, wealth creation skills, etc.
For example, one can work with those in need and help them build household food safety net to reduce consumption-based poverty.
The above is our New Year’s and January’s Goal.
For those who are interested in working with the people in need to meet it, they are welcome do so.
For those who want any clarification of any aspects of the activity or task, they can contact CENFACS.
• New Year’s Structured Finance Activities/Micro-projects under Financial Capacity and Capability Building Programme/Scheme
We are resuming Financial Capacity and Capability Building Programme and Scheme, which we started in December 2023. We are available to work in hybrid mode with users via the Financial Capacity and Capability Building Programme (FCCBP) or Scheme (FCCBS) so that they can start stronger in this New Year. Both FCCBP and FCCBS will help beneficiaries to reduce risks linked to financial incapacity and incapability while improving their intergenerational income and transfers.
To kick off FCCBP and FCCBS, we are running from 10 to 16 January 2024 the first activity of FCCBP and the first activity of FCCBS, as shown in the working plan below.
• • 10 to 16 January 2024: Investing in Realistic Financial Goals about Financial Capacity and Capability (Activity 1 of FCCBP)
This first Structured Finance Activity, which is part of Financial Capacity and Capability Building Programme and which is run in the form direct questions/answers, consists of working with users to develop and invest in realistic financial goals that summarise the way in which they would like to build their financial capacity and capability.
If any of our users have questions about how they can develop or invest in realistic financial capacity and capability goals, they can ask CENFACS for answers.
• • 10 to 16 January 2024: Financial Capacity and Capability to Make Ends Meet (Activity 1 of FCCBS)
This first Structured Finance Activity, which is part of Financial Capacity and Capability Building Scheme, is about elaborating a systematic plan of future action on financial capacity and capability for a week or month or year (2024).
Together with those in need of financial capacity and capability building, we can help them draw a basic financial plan or strategy for coping with and surviving their financial problems.
If any of our users need to draw a plan or strategy that explains how they will financially cope and/or survive, they can contact CENFACS.
Have a question about your financial goals or need to draw a plan or strategy about the way you are going to make ends meet, please do not hesitate to contact CENFACS.
In additions, if you have financial planning problems, you can communicate with CENFACS so that we can work together on your financial planning needs and help you stay stronger this New Year.
Message in French (Message en français)
• À paraître cet hiver : le numéro de FACS et du Nouvel An (le numéro 82) qui s’intitulera ‘L’accession à la propriété privée et la sécurisation foncière pour réduire la pauvreté en Afrique’
L’accession à la propriété privée et le régime foncier sont importants dans le processus de réduction de la pauvreté en Afrique. Leur importance a été reconnue par de nombreuses organisations et institutions, dont la Banque mondiale (9), qui recommande d’accroître l’accès à la terre et le régime foncier pour les pauvres et les personnes vulnérables en redistribuant les terres rurales, en accordant des droits de propriété aux squatters sur les terres publiques urbaines, en supprimant les restrictions sur les terres locatives et en promouvant l’équité entre les sexes en documentant les droits fonciers des femmes.
Malgré cette reconnaissance, il y a des endroits ou des régions du monde où les pauvres et les personnes vulnérables n’ont toujours pas accès à la terre et au bail. L’Afrique en fait partie. Bien que l’Afrique soit le deuxième plus grand et le deuxième continent le plus peuplé du monde après l’Asie dans les deux cas, c’est aussi un continent où les gens ont du mal à posséder une maison et/ou une terre. C’est à ce point que l’Afrique est en tête en termes de pourcentage de la population urbaine vivant dans des quartiers informels.
Pourtant, la promotion d’un foncier durable et d’une gouvernance inclusive en Afrique fait partie de la politique foncière en Afrique et contribuera à la réalisation des aspirations et des objectifs de l’Agenda 2063. De même, l’Objectif de Développement Durable 11 (10) des Nations Unies qui vise à rendre les villes et les établissements humains inclusifs, sûrs, résilients et durables. La première cible du même objectif (c’est-à-dire la cible 11.1) est la suivante : « D’ici à 2030, garantir l’accès de tous à un logement adéquat, sûr et abordable et à des services de base et rénover les bidonvilles ».
Compte tenu du fait que l’Afrique est à la traîne en termes d’accession à la propriété et de régime foncier pour sa population ordinaire, le thème sous-jacent du 82e numéro de FACS traitera du double problème de l’accession à la propriété et de la terre en Afrique dans les zones d’opération des organisations caritatives sœurs basées en Afrique (OCSBA) du CENFACS. Il mettra en lumière le droit de posséder des terres en toute sécurité ou d’occuper et d’utiliser exclusivement une parcelle de terre particulière.
Cependant, le 82ème numéro de FACS aura une portée limitée car il n’aura pas l’ambition de traiter toutes les questions relatives à l’accession à la propriété et au foncier en Afrique. Au lieu de cela, le numéro se concentrera sur les problèmes rencontrés par les OCSBA du CENFACS et leurs bénéficiaires qui peuvent être des sans-abri, des sans-terre, des propriétaires pauvres et des locataires pauvres ; et qui voudraient travailler avec eux afin de réduire la pauvreté et l’insoutenabilité liées au manque d’accès à la propriété privée et à la sécurité foncière.
À cet égard, le numéro 82 examinera la relation entre la réduction de la pauvreté et l’accession à la propriété, entre la réduction de la pauvreté et le régime foncier dans l’Afrique d’aujourd’hui, en particulier dans les zones où opèrent les OCSBA du CENFACS. Le numéro fera valoir la nécessité de développer l’accession à la propriété privée et de sécuriser le régime foncier qui profite aux pauvres.
Le numéro 82 traitera de la répartition de l’énergie à la maison et sur la terre, et de la manière dont cette répartition de l’énergie peut contribuer à réduire la pauvreté et à améliorer le développement durable. En effet, l’accès à la propriété et le contrôle de la terre peuvent apporter beaucoup de choses à ceux ou celles qui vivent dans la pauvreté. Ils peuvent les aider à avoir un endroit fixe pour construire et planifier leur vie. Avoir un logement ou un terrain sûr peut être la première étape pour réduire la pauvreté et améliorer le développement durable.
Ce n’est pas une surprise si le « unhabitat.org » (11) affirme que
« La sécurité foncière et les droits de propriété permettent aux habitants des zones urbaines et rurales d’investir dans l’amélioration des logements et des moyens de subsistance ».
De même, le Fonds International de Développement Agricole (12) explique ce qui suit:
« La terre est essentielle à la vie des populations rurales pauvres. C’est une source de nourriture, d’abri, de revenus et d’identité sociale… La sécurité foncière n’est pas seulement importante pour la production agricole. Elle permet également aux gens de diversifier leurs moyens de subsistance en utilisant leurs terres comme garantie, en les louant ou en les vendant.
Le numéro 82 examinera les théories appropriées des droits de propriété privée et des théories des droits fonciers utilisées, car il combinera les arguments de la rareté, de l’État autoritaire et de la culture traditionnelle pour expliquer les questions d’accession à la propriété et de terre en Afrique. Il abordera l’accession à la propriété privée comme une propriété privée. La propriété privée peut s’expliquer par la définition de la notion de « study.com » (13) comme suit:
« Propriété d’un bien corporel ou incorporel par une entité individuelle, plutôt que par l’État ou un propriétaire commun ».
Loin d’être un compte rendu des théories de l’accession à la propriété et de la terre, le numéro sera l’histoire d’OCSBA travaillant avec des sans-abri et des sans-terre pauvres pour trouver des établissements inclusifs, sûrs, résilients et durables. De ce point de vue, le numéro fournira quelques exemples de la façon dont les OCSBA tentent de travailler avec leurs sections locales afin de réduire la pauvreté due au manque d’accession à la propriété et de terres sûres, et comment les premières aident les secondes à accéder de manière adéquate, sûre et abordable à la propriété et à gravir les échelons de la propriété.
Le numéro 82 expliquera en outre comment l’absence de droits de propriété réels ou leur mauvaise application peut entraver et limiter le développement économique de certains groupes ethniques et des femmes rurales. Au-delà de cette explication, le numéro fournira quelques pistes de solutions sur les problèmes rencontrés par ces groupes et les femmes, en particulier pour les groupes situés dans les sphères d’activité des OCSBA.
Le 82e numéro couvrira des domaines tels que l’accessibilité et l’abordabilité des logements pour les pauvres, les pauvres en tant que propriétaires, les droits des femmes à posséder des terres, en particulier dans les zones rurales, la mobilité résidentielle parmi les personnes à faible revenu, le logement durable pour les pauvres, la réalisation d’un accès à la propriété durable pour tous, la manière dont les OCSBA travaillent avec leurs sections locales pour réduire ou mettre fin à la pauvreté liée au manque d’accession à la propriété et au régime foncier, etc.
De plus amples détails sur le 82e numéro de FACS seront donnés cet hiver. Cependant, pour ceux ou celles qui souhaiteraient se renseigner à ce sujet avant qu’il ne paraisse, ils/elles ne doivent pas hésiter à contacter le CENFACS.
Main Development
• 2024 Light Season’s Resources, Projects and Programmes
The following highlights the 2024 Light Season’s Resources, Projects and Programmes:
∝ What are Light Season’s Resources, Projects and Programmes?
∝ Types of Light Season’s Initiatives
∝ Basic Implementation Plan for the Light Season’s Initiatives.
We can now consider each of the three items.
• • What Are Light Season’s Resources, Projects and Programmes?
They are a stock of assets (resources) together with a set of interdependent tasks (sustainable projects) and related activities (sustainable programmes) designed to help meet the aim of poverty reduction either within the Lights Season and/or beyond it depending on the types of a given resource, project and programme. In other words, whether it is about resources or projects or even programmes, the unified aim is to help reduce poverty and enhance sustainable development by working with local people and Africa-based Sister Charitable Organisations.
• • Types of Light Season’s Initiatives
There are two types, which are:
(a) Specifically designed initiatives to bring message of hope or a Blaze of Hope
(b) Seasonal initiatives falling within the Season of Light.
• • • Specifically designed initiatives to bring message of hope or a Blaze of Hope
They include two waves of intervention or Blazes of Hope, which are:
(a) Appeals to deal with the unfinished business of previous destruction and disruption brought by the coronavirus, wars, natural disasters and the current the cost-of-living crisis
(b) Appeals linked to seasonally erupted events or effects from health disasters (like the coronavirus), armed conflicts, geo-economic crises, climate change and natural disasters.
For example, the Appeal to Give Hope to the Humanitarian Needy of the Democratic Republic of Congo is at the same time for unfinished business of humanitarian work and any potential eruption of insecurity crisis in the New Year. As the World Food Programme (14) puts it:
“The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is facing one of the world’s largest hunger crises. According to the latest Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, an estimated 25.4 million people are experiencing crisis and emergency levels of food insecurity, including 5.5 million people in the three eastern provinces of Ituri, North Kivu and South Kivu”.
• • • Initiatives falling within the Season of Light
They consist of the following:
√ Consume to Reduce Poverty (Edition No. 12) with a Focus on Non-essential Consumption and the Reduction of Consumption-based Poverty
√ Financial Capacity and Capability Campaign 2024
√ 2024 Africa Not-for-profit Investment Outlook
√ Nature-positive Projects (New)
√ Nature-based Solutions to Poverty.
The above mentioned initiatives are amongst the ones we have selected to kick-start 2024. Apart from them, we shall take a moment to reflect on the poverty reduction landscape of 2023 by taking stock and charge of what happened in 2023, and how we can move forward in 2024. In particular, we will be working together with beneficiaries on the following:
√ 2023 Year-end Financial Controls as Stocktaking and Charge Taking Tools for Poverty Reduction
√ Projects of Just, Orderly and Equitable Energy Transitions
√ Fossil-free Projects
√ Humanitarian Relief Appeals with Six Identified Areas of Priority that May Need Lighting a Blaze of Hope (as announced last week) to help address unfinished businesses or potential crises or tension hotspot places
√ Climate Actions 2024 to keep pace with net zero path and poverty reduction.
The above initiatives are not the only ones for the Season of Light. During the season, we may cancel or reduce the scope of some initiatives if we realise that the problem they were supposed to resolve are no longer there. Likewise, we may add new or recurring initiatives depending on the events within the community we serve. The worksheet below provides some indication in terms of initiatives implementation plan.
• • Basic Implementation Plan for 2024 Light Season’s Initiatives
As we go along the Light Season, the following implementation plan consisting of twelve initiatives will be effective.
The above are 12 Initiatives to implement the Light Season 2024. They are also 12 Essential Ways to Bring and Sustain Hope for Those in Need This Winter 2024.
There are three observations to make from the above implementation plan, which are:
a) Since the global climate community committed itself to transition away from fossil fuels at the end of COP28 (15), the Installation Sub-phase of Taking Climate Protection and Stake for African Children at the Implementation has moved from Installation sub-phase (phase 3.2) to Initial Implementation sub-phase (phase 3.3)
b) Projects of Just, Orderly and Equitable Energy Transitions are our new initiative not only to feature the Season of Light, but also to volunteer for the poor and the planet
c) The next level of our Digital and Social Media Campaign (Level 8) is on Cloud Technology.
This initial implementation plan for the Light Season’s initiatives can change depending on the circumstances, events and conditions. If one notices that some of the initiatives inserted in the plan/worksheet are not listed under Types of Light Season’s Initiatives, this is not a big issue. What is important is the deliverables of those scheduled within the plan.
For those who would like to discuss any of these planned initiatives or any aspects of the plan; they can contact CENFACS.
To support and or enquire the Light Season’s Resources, Projects and Programmes for 2024, please contact CENFACS.
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• References
(1) Marcotullio, P. J., Transition Theories (pp. 236-248), in Iossifova, D., Doll, C.N. H., & Gasparatos, A. (Eds.), (2017), Defining the Urban: Interdisciplinary and Professional Perspectives (1st ed.), Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315576282 (accessed in January 2024)
(2) https://marcr.net/marcr-for-career-professionals/career-theory/career-theories-and-theories/transition-theory-nancy-k-schlossberg/ (accessed in January 2024)
(3) Stevens, A. H., Poverty Transitions, in Philip N. Jefferson (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Poverty, Oxford Handbooks (2012; online edn, Oxford Academic, 28 Dec. 2012, https://doi.org/10.1093/Oxfordhb/9780195393781.013.0016, accessed in January 2024
(4) https://www.rescue.org/en/article/top-10-crises-world-cant-ignore_ (accessed in January 2024)
(5) https://dynamixsolutions.com/what-is-cloud-technology-and-how-does-it-work/ (accessed in January 2024)
(6) cenfacs.org.uk/2020/03/11/the-2020s-agenda-and-programme/ (accessed in January 2024)
(7) Hayes, T. O. (2021), Measuring Poverty in United States: Comparing Measurement Methods, American Action Forum at https://www.americanactionforum.org/research/measuring-poverty-in-the-united-states-comparing-measurement-methods/ (accessed in January 2024)
(8) https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/incomeandwealth/articles/anexpenditurebasedapproachtopovertyintheuk/financialyearending2017 (accessed in January 2024)
(9) https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/publication/securing-africas-land-for-shared-prosperity# (accessed in January 2024)
(10) https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda (accessed in January 2024)
(11) https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/07/indicator_1.4.2_training_module_secure_tenure_rights_to_land.pdf (accessed in January 2024)
(12) https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/39148759/Land+tenure+security+and+poverty+reduction.pdf/ (accessed in January 2024)
(13) https://study.com/academy/lesson/private-property-economics-overview-rights-examples.html (accessed in January 2024)
(14) https://www.wfp.org/emergencies/drc-emergency (accessed in January 2024)
(15) https://www.cop28.com/en/ (accessed in January 2024)
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• Help CENFACS Keep the Poverty Relief Work Going this Year
We do our work on a very small budget and on a voluntary basis. Making a donation will show us you value our work and support CENFACS’ work, which is currently offered as a free service.
One could also consider a recurring donation to CENFACS in the future.
Additionally, we would like to inform you that planned gifting is always an option for giving at CENFACS. Likewise, CENFACS accepts matching gifts from companies running a gift-matching programme.
Donate to support CENFACS!
FOR ONLY £1, YOU CAN SUPPORT CENFACS AND CENFACS’ NOBLE AND BEAUTIFUL CAUSES OF POVERTY REDUCTION.
JUST GO TO: Support Causes – (cenfacs.org.uk)
Thank you for visiting CENFACS website and reading this post.
Thank you as well to those who made or make comments about our weekly posts.
We look forward to receiving your regular visits and continuing support throughout 2024 and beyond.
With many thanks.
